Notes in Bacterial Pathogenesis, Toxins, and Superantigens

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Published	08/28/2024	Can you have an infection without disease?Yes, called {{c1::subclinical infection / colonization}} --> what we know as {{c1::"asymptomati…
Published	08/28/2024	What's the ∆ence between Pathogenicity and Virulence?Pathogenicity: Ability of an organism to {{c1::cause disease}}Virulence: severity of {{c1::t…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the difference between Primary and Opportunistic Pathogens?Primary: Can cause disease in a {{c1::healthy person}}Opportunistic: Can cause dise…
Published	08/28/2024	First step of disease infection: Adherence. What happens?Microbial {{c1::adhesins::A}} bind to host {{c1::integrins}}.{{c1::Adhesins::A}} ex…
Published	08/28/2024	What step of infection do Bacterial Capsules play a role in?{{c1::Adherence}}.Also in inducing {{c2::phagocytosis}} and {{c2::binding}} to other bacte…
Published	08/28/2024	Second step of disease infection: Replication. What happens?Can replicate {{c1::extracellularly or intracellularly}}
Published	08/28/2024	Third step of disease infection: Invasion of Host Cells. What happens?Pathogen goes into host cells in order to {{c1::evade immune response}},{{c…
Published	08/28/2024	How can pathogens invade host cells?Can induce cells to {{c1::phagocytose}} them,can "{{c1::rocket}}" into neighboring healthy cells :)
Published	08/28/2024	Fourth step in disease infection: evade host defenses. Many many mechanisms. I'll make a card for each mech{{c1::.}}
Published	08/28/2024	How can the capsule help bacteria evade host defense?Can incorperate {{c1::host-like components}} --> prevents {{c1::complement activatio…
Published	08/28/2024	How can IgA Antibodies help bacteria evade host defense?Binds serum IgA, prevents {{c1::IgM or IgG from binding}} --> complemen…
Published	08/28/2024	How does covering membrane attack complexes help evade host immune system?Membrane attack complex = site for {{c1::complement}} attack. Self…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two categories of bacterial toxins?1) {{c1::Endotoxins}} --> ONLY IN {{c1::Gram (-)}}2) {{c1::Exotoxins}} --> secret…
Published	08/28/2024	Endotoxin = {{c1::Lipid A}} of {{c1::LPS::A}}, and {{c1::LPS::A}} is ONLY FOUND in {{c1::Gram (-)}}
Published	08/28/2024	Endotoxin is only released when gram (-) bacteria {{c1::are lysed / attacked}}
Published	08/28/2024	How does Endotoxin do damage?Must be in {{c1::High [ ]s}} --> {{c1::Sepsis}}({{c1::Severe Hypotension}}{{c1::Multiple Organ Failure}})
Published	08/28/2024	A category of exotoxin: {{c1::A-B toxins}}{{c1::A}} domain = "{{c1::active}}"{{c1::B}} domain = "{{c1::binding}}"
Published	08/28/2024	How do you activate A-B exotoxins?{{c1::Cleave A away from B}}
Published	08/28/2024	First ex. of A-B toxin: Diptheria. What happens?A-B {{c1::endocytoced}}, "A" subunit does {{c1::ADP-Ribosylation of Elongation Factor 2 (EF2…
Published	08/28/2024	Second ex. of A-B toxin: Cholera. What happens?Does {{c1::ADP Ribosylation}} of Gs --> ^^ {{c1::cAMP}} --> intestinal cells ditch ^^^ {{c1:…
Published	08/28/2024	Third ex. of A-B toxin: Shiga Toxin. What happens?Cleaves {{c1::60s subunit of ribosomes}} --> no {{c1::protein synthesis}}Only A-B toxin…
Published	08/28/2024	Some notes on Shiga Toxin:Produced by {{c1::Shigella}}.= only exotoxin that isn't {{c1::secreted, but released when bacteria are lysed}}
Published	08/28/2024	How are Botulism toxin and Tetanus Toxin ∆?Botulism: v {{c1::Ach release --> flacid paralysis}}Tetanus: ^ {{c1::Ach release --> spacti…
Published	08/28/2024	How do Membrane-Disrupting Toxins, a type of Exotoxin, work?{{c1::Permeabolize host cell PM --> osmotic shock / lysis}}
Published	08/28/2024	How do proteolytic toxins, a type of exotoxin, work?Cleave {{c1::Immunoglobins and complement}}. --> help the pathogen {{c1::spread}}Ex:&…
Published	08/28/2024	How do superantigens, a type of exotoxin, work?Potent activators of {{c1::CD4+ T-Cells}} --> ^^^ {{c1::cytokines}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the difference between infection and infectious disease? {{c1::Infection}} is the persistance of an organism in or on the host, but no di…
Published	08/28/2024	the two mechanisms of membrane disrupting toxins are {{c1::Catalytic}} and {{c2::Pore-forming}}. {{c1::Catalytic}} toxins disrupt…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Opportunistic}} pathogen: Can only cause disease in certain situations/hosts• Host barrier compromised• Immune suppression• Normal flora disrupt…
Published	08/28/2024	5 stages of infectious disease:{{c1::Incubation}}, {{c2::prodromal}}, {{c1::illness}}, {{c2::decline}}, {{c1::convalescene}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::virulence}} factor: structures, enzymes etc. that assist a bacterium to colonize the host at the cellular level. Often responsible for disease s…
Published	08/28/2024	Bacilli (rods) {{c1::can have}} flaggela. Cocci {{c1::cannot have}} flagella. Spiroketes have an {{c1::internal}} flagella.
Published	08/28/2024	Immune evasion strategies by bacteria:- survival inside {{c1::immune}} cells- antiphagocytic polysaccharide {{c1::capsules}}- secretion of {{c1::enzym…
Published	08/28/2024	secreted bacterial exotoxins include: {{c1::AB toxin}}, {{c1::superantigen}}, and {{c1::cytolytic}} exotoxins
Published	08/28/2024	AB toxins:B = {{c1::Binding}}A = {{c1::Active}}
Published	08/28/2024	AB toxin examples: {{c1::cholera}} toxin, {{c1::diptheria}} toxin, {{c1::botulism}} toxin
Published	08/28/2024	Superantigens cause non-specific activation of {{c1::adaptive}} immune response.• Bridge antigen presenting cell (MHC) with T-cell receptor, no need f…
Published	08/28/2024	Cytolytic toxins {{c1::punch holes}} in cell membranes.
Published	08/28/2024	Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is an example of a {{c1::cytolytic}} toxin, which targets {{c1::neutrophils}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Endotoxins occur in gram-{{c1::negative}} bacteria only.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::exotoxins}} can be secreted by any bacteria that has the genes present to create (or receive) and secrete the toxin.
Published	08/28/2024	Some gram-{{c1::positive}} {{c2::rods}} can form bacterial spores (endospores), which are a {{c1::hibernating}} form of bacteria.- {{c3::Bacillus}}&nb…
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