Notes in 04 Pulmonary Histology, Pathology, and Imaging

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Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Pneumonia}} is defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma
Published	09/26/2023	Pneumonia often occurs when normal defenses are {{c1::impaired}}
Published	09/26/2023	Diagnosis of pneumonia is made by {{c1::CXR}} and sputum & blood gram stain/culture
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Lobar}} pneumonia is characterized by consolidation of an entire lobe or lung
Published	09/26/2023	Initially, lobar pneumonia presents with {{c1::congestion}} on gross imaging due to congested vessels and proteinaceous edema in the alveolar airspace…
Published	09/26/2023	Following the congestion phase, lobar pneumonia presents grossly with {{c1::red hepatization}}, due to exudate, neutrophils, and hemorrhage filling th…
Published	09/26/2023	Following red hepatization, lobar pneumonia presents grossly with {{c1::gray hepatization}}, due to degradation of red blood cells within exudate
Published	09/26/2023	The final phase of lobar pneumonia is {{c1::resolution}} with regeneration of tissue via type {{c2::II}} pneumocytes
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Bronchopneumonia}} is characterized by {{c2::scattered, patchy}} consolidation centered around {{c3::bronchioles}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Interstitial (atypical)}} pneumonia presents with relatively mild upper respiratory symptoms
Published	09/26/2023	Biopsy of tuberculosis reveals {{c1::caseating}} granulomas
Published	09/26/2023	Asbestosis is associated with increased risk for {{c2::lung carcinoma}} and {{c2::mesothelioma}} (cancers)
Published	09/26/2023	The key risk factors for lung cancer are {{c1::cigarette smoke}}, {{c2::radon::not arsenic}}, and {{c3::asbestos}}; family history is also a risk fact…
Published	09/26/2023	Lung cancer risk is directly related to the duration and the amount of smoking, which is measured in '{{c1::pack-years}}'
Published	09/26/2023	Lung carcinoma is classically divided into two categories: {{c1::small cell carcinoma}} (15%) and {{c1::non-small cell carcinoma}} (85%)
Published	09/26/2023	Small cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by {{c1::poorly}} differentiated small cells and is thus {{c1::very}} aggressive
Published	09/26/2023	{{c3::Squamous cell}} carcinoma of the lung is characterized histologically by {{c2::keratin pearls}} and {{c1::intercellular bridges}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c3::Adenocarcinoma}} of the lung is characterized histologically by a(n) {{c1::glandular}} pattern that often stains positive for {{c2::mucin}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Adenocarcinoma}} of the lung is the most common cancer in nonsmokers and female smokers
Published	09/26/2023	{{c4::Adenocarcinoma}} of the lung is associated with {{c5::activating}} mutations in the {{c1::KRAS}}, {{c2::EGFR}}, and {{c3::ALK}} genes
Published	09/26/2023	Large cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by {{c1::poorly}} differentiated large cells
Published	09/26/2023	Large cell carcinoma of the lung may present histologically with pleomorphic {{c1::giant}} cells
Published	09/26/2023	Is large cell carcinoma related to smoking? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	09/26/2023	Bronchial {{c3::carcinoid}} tumor is characterized histologically by nests of {{c1::well}} differentiated {{c2::neuroendocrine}} cells
Published	09/26/2023	Is bronchial carcinoid tumor related to smoking? {{c1::No}}
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Mesothelioma}} is a malignancy of the lung {{c2::pleura}} that is highly associated with {{c3::asbestosis}}
Published	09/26/2023	Is smoking a risk factor for mesothelioma? {{c1::No}}
Published	09/26/2023	What is an empyema? {{c1::Pus in the pleural space}}
Published	09/26/2023	The following CXR is highly suggestive of what pulmonary pathology? {{c1::Pneumothorax}}
Published	09/26/2023	During which phase of the natural history of lobar pneumonia is the exudate composed of mostly bacteria?{{c1::Congestion}}
Published	09/26/2023	During which phase of the natural history of lobar pneumonia is the exudate composed of fibrin, bacteria, RBCs, and WBCs?{{c1::Red hepatization}}
Published	09/26/2023	During which phase of the natural history of lobar pneumonia is the exudate composed of WBCs, lysed RBCs, and fibrin?{{c1::Gray hepatization}}
Published	09/26/2023	Functional Divisions of the AirwayConducting portion- {{c1::warms, cleans, moistens::3 functions}}Respiratory portion- {{c1::gas exchange::1 function}…
Published	09/26/2023	Alveoli have {{c1::simple squamous}} epithelium
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Published	09/26/2023	Alveoli that are full of neutrophils and macrophages are c/w {{c1::pneumonia}}
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Published	09/26/2023	Alveolar macrophages are called {{c1::dust cells}}they are found in the {{c2::alveolar air space}} and {{c2::interalveolar septum}}They migrate in thr…
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Published	09/26/2023	Alveolar ducts have alveoli and a lamina propria that has {{c2::smooth muscle}} cells and {{c2::elastic and collagen::2 types}} fibers
Published	09/26/2023	Respiratory bronchioles have features of both {{c1::conducting}} and {{c1::respiratory}} epitheliumThey have {{c2::ciliated simple cuboidal}} epitheli…
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Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::::}}
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Published	09/26/2023	What part of the airway is shown in this image?
Published	09/26/2023	What part of the airway is shown in this slide?
Published	09/26/2023	What part of the airway is shown in this image?
Published	09/26/2023	What part of the airway is shown in this image?
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::mucociliary escalator}} is how the lungs trap bacteria and get rid of them. It starts at the level of the {{c2::respiratory bronchioles…
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Published	09/26/2023	What are the blue arrows pointing to?
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Published	09/26/2023	Type I pneumocytes have a {{c1::squamous}} shape, while type II pneumocytes have a {{c1::cuboidal}} shape
Published	09/26/2023	From largest to smallest diameter, the respiratory part of the lungs is:{{c1::respiratory bronchioles}}{{c1::alveolar ducts}}{{c1::alveolar sacs}}{{c1…
Published	09/26/2023	The trachea and bronchi are lined with {{c1::pseudostratified columnar epithelial}} tissue
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Squamous metaplasia}} is a condition where repeated insult (e.g. smoking) makes the conducting respiratory epithelium change from {{c2::pse…
Published	09/26/2023	Respiratory tract cancersbegin as reversible {{c1::metaplasia}}, then progress to reversible {{c1::dysplasia}}, and finally progress to…
Published	09/26/2023	Respiratory mucosa contains 2 layers, {{c1::epithelium}} and {{c1::lamina propria}}
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Published	09/26/2023	The folded epithelium and cartilage in this image is associated with {{c1::bronchi::part of the airway}}
Published	09/26/2023	The lamina propria of the conducting airway has {{c1::elastic (and collagen)}} fibers
Published	09/26/2023	As the bronchi decrease in size, they have less {{c1::cartilage}} and more {{c1::smooth muscle}} below the submucosa
Published	09/26/2023	Two kinds of lung cancer {{c1::Small cell}} carcinoma (20% of lung cancers){{c1::Non-small cell}} carcinoma (80% of lung cancers) {{c2::Squamous cell}…
Published	09/26/2023	The keratin pearl in this bronchial sample indicates {{c1::squamous cell carcinoma::condition}}
Published	09/26/2023	If the top image is normal, then the bottom image shows {{c1::small cell carcinoma}}
Published	09/26/2023	The last branch of the respiratory tree with cilia is the {{c1::respiratory bronchioles}}
Published	09/26/2023	The last branch of the respiratory tract with submucosa is the {{c1::bronchi}}
Published	09/26/2023	The folded epithelium without cartilage in this image is associated with {{c1::regular bronchioles::part of the airway}}
Published	09/26/2023	The epithelium of the airway transitions from ciliated PSCE to ciliated simple columnar in the {{c1::regular bronchioles}}
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Published	09/26/2023	The last branch of the airway with smooth muscle is the {{c1::respiratory bronchioles}}
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Published	09/26/2023	Seromucous glands are found in the {{c1::submucosa::layer}} of the trachea and bronchi
Published	09/26/2023	Alveolar ducts are lined with {{c1::simple squamous}} epithelium
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Published	10/10/2023	In order to assess cardiomegaly, you have to use a(n) {{c1::PA::projection/orientation}} CXR
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR is {{c1::under}}-exposed
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR is {{c1::over}}-exposed
Published	09/26/2023	If there is fluid in the alveoli but not the airways (i.e. consolidation), then CXR will show {{c1::air bronchograms}}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows a(n) {{c1::alveolar::alveolar vs interstitial}} disease process #q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows a(n) {{c1::alveolar and interstitial::alveolar vs interstitial}} disease process#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows a(n) {{c1::alveolar::alveolar vs interstitial}} disease process#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows pneumonia in the {{c1::left lower lobe}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows pneumonia in the {{c1::right lower lobe}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	What is the likely diagnosis?{{c1::ARDS}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	What is the likely diagnosis?{{c1::Atypical pneumonia}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows a(n) {{c1::cavity}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows a(n) {{c1::mass}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	This CXR shows a(n) {{c1::mass}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	What is the likely diagnosis?{{c1::Atelectasis}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	What pattern of pneumonia is shown below?{{c1::Bronchopneumonia}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	What pattern of pneumonia is shown below?{{c1::Lobar pneumonia}}#q img{max-height: 100vh;}
Published	09/26/2023	The primary function of mucus in the lungs is to protect the lungs via {{c1::mucociliary clearance::mechanism}}.
Published	09/26/2023	You can find the most ciliated cells/goblet cells in the {{c1::trachea::part of respiratory system}}.
Published	09/26/2023	The {{c1::submucosa::layer}} of the bronchi contain {{c2::serous mucous}} glands which secrete {{c3::proteins and mucus::2 things}}.
Published	09/26/2023	In the airway, where does pseuostratified epithelium transition to simple columnar?{{c1::Regular/Terminal Bronchioles}}
Published	09/26/2023	Where is BALT located in the airway?{{c1::in the lamina propria of regular/terminal bronchioles}}
Published	09/26/2023	Type {{c1::I}} pneumocytes are optimized for gas exchange.
Published	09/26/2023	Which one is AP and which one is PA?{{c1::A- PAB- AP}}
Published	10/10/2023	{{c1::Consolidation}} is any pathologic process that fills the alveoli with fluid, pus, blood, or cells (including tumor cells).
Published	10/10/2023	The {{c1::right ventricle}} composes the majority of the anterior surface of the heart on X-ray
Published	10/10/2023	Adenocarcinoma of the lung is {{c1::peripherally::central or peripheral}} located
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