Notes in Exam 1

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/09/2025	{{c2::Taxonomy}} - biological classification, nonmenclature and {{c1::identifaction }}
Published	01/10/2025	Classfication : arrangement of organism into {{c1::groups}} based on similarity
Published	01/10/2025	Eucaryotic cells possess a {{c1::nucleus}} and multiple linear {{c2::chromosomes}}
Published	01/10/2025	procaryotic cells lack a {{c1::nucleus}} and have a single {{c2::circular}} chromosome.
Published	01/10/2025	Eucaryotic cells replicate through {{c1::mitosis}}, whereas procaryotic cells undergo {{c2::binary fission,}} a simpler form of cell division.
Published	01/10/2025	Eucaryotic cells contain specialized organelles such as {{c1::mitochondria}}, while procaryotic cells have fewer organelles, primarily associated with…
Published	01/10/2025	Procaryotic cells are typically {{c1::single}}-celled organisms, characterized by their small size {{c2::(0.5 to 1.5}} um in diameter)
Published	01/10/2025	{{c1::Genus}} and {{c2::species}} are kinda like first and last name
Published	01/10/2025	{{c1::Antigenic}} group are organism within a genus that a has a specific {{c2::antigen}} that seperates it from the species
Published	01/10/2025	antigenic {{c1::type}} organism with a specific {{c2::antigen}} that is only common to {{c2::limited}}, closely realted organism
Published	01/10/2025	Typical bacterial cell size ranges from {{c1::0.5 to 1.5}} um in diameter and {{c2::1 to 6}} um in length, with most species falling between 1 to 2 um…
Published	01/10/2025	bacterial morphology refers to the {{c1::external appearance}} of cells, which can be observed using staining techniques such as {{c2::Gram staining.}…
Published	01/10/2025	Common shapes include cocci ({{c1::spherical}}), bacilli (r{{c2::od-shaped)}}, and spirilla ({{c3::spiral)}},
Published	01/10/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0619:top=.4255:width=.1265:height=.025:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0641:top=.18:width=.0976:height=.0374:o…
Published	01/10/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5713:top=.2784:width=.2595:height=.0264:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5627:top=.1966:width=.1458:height=.052…
Published	01/10/2025	cytoplasm: Thick, a{{c1::queous}}, and elastic, containing {{c2::cell sap}} (water, nutrients, storage granules).
Published	01/10/2025	Cytoplasm and Its FunctionGenetic Material: Houses {{c1::DNA, RNA}}, and {{c2::ribosomes}} essential for protein synthesis.
Published	01/10/2025	Cytoplasm and Its Functions{{c1::Energy Production}}: Contains enzymes for various metabolic pathways, crucial for cellular respiration.
Published	01/10/2025	Cytoplasm and Its Functions{{c1::Metabolism}}: Site for metabolic reactions, including nutrient {{c2::breakdown}} and {{c3::energy}} production.
Published	01/10/2025	Cytoplasmic MembraneStructure: Composed of a {{c1::phospholipid bilayer}} with {{c3::hydrophilic}} heads and hydrophobic tails, affecting {{c2::permea…
Published	01/10/2025	Integral proteins function as {{c1::pores}}, {{c2::carrier proteins}}, and enzymes (e.g., electron transport chain).
Published	01/10/2025	cytoplasmic membrane  controls the {{c1::entry and exit}} of molecules, maintaining homeostasis
Published	01/10/2025	cytoplasmic membrane :Involved in the synthesis of {{c1::peptidoglycan}} and secretion of {{c2::extracellular}} enzymes.
Published	01/11/2025	{{c1::gram positive wall}}: has a peptidoglycan layer, composed of {{c2::60-80%}} NAG & NAM
Published	01/10/2025	On each of the {{c1::NAM}} there is a cross-link by short peptide
Published	01/10/2025	Teichoic Acids: connects to the {{c1::cytoplasmic membrane }}
Published	01/10/2025	Gram negative: Comprises only {{c1::10-20%}} of the cell wall, lacking {{c2::teichoic acids.}}
Published	01/10/2025	{{c1::Lipoprotein}} in gram negative  forms the {{c2::periplasmic}} space
Published	01/10/2025	{{c2::lipopolysaccharides,}} phospholipids, and proteins on the outer membrane, creates a {{c1::barrier}} to certain antibiotics.
Published	01/10/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0673:top=.1586:width=.3521:height=.1211:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0674:top=.3366:width=.3454:height=.056…
Published	01/10/2025	Lipid A: Component of l{{c1::ipopolysaccharides}}, acts as an {{c2::endotoxin}}, triggering immune
Published	01/10/2025	O Antigen: Part of the {{c1::lipopolysaccharide}}, used for {{c2::sero}}typing bacteria.
Published	01/10/2025	Endospores: {{c1::dehydrated}} form, metabolically {{c2::dormant,}} can germiante into a {{c3::vegetative cell}}
Published	01/10/2025	Bacteria Capsule resists {{c1::phagocytosis}}, hides {{c2::surface antigens}}, and assists in attachment to surfaces.
Published	01/10/2025	Capsule Composition: Made o{{c1::f polysaccharides}}, providing a protective layer around the cell.
Published	01/11/2025	Most bacteria grow on the {{c1::surface of tissue cell}}s, causing damage and inflammation.
Published	01/11/2025	{{c2::Atypical}} Bacteria are very small, typically ranging from {{c1::0.1 to 0.3}} micrometers in diameter.
Published	01/11/2025	Fungi are divided into two main categories: {{c1::yeasts}} and {{c2::molds.}}
Published	01/11/2025	Yeast are {{c1::single}} cell organism, they reproduce by {{c2::budding}} new cells
Published	01/11/2025	Molds consist of {{c1::multicellular filaments}} called hyphae, which can branch and form a visible mass known as {{c2::mycelium.}}
Published	01/11/2025	the hypahe are about {{c1::2-15 um}}, up to 30 um, the {{c2::spores}} are 1-10 um
Published	01/11/2025	yeast colonies grows in {{c1::2-5}} days
Published	01/11/2025	mold colonies  requires {{c1::5-21}} days to grow
Published	01/14/2025	Virus Infection Cycle{{c1::Attachment:}} The virus attaches to a {{c1::specific receptor}} on the host cell surface, initiating the infection process.
Published	01/14/2025	Virus Infection Cycle{{c1::Penetration and Uncoating}}: The virus penetrates the host cell and releases its {{c2::nucleic acid}} into the cytoplasm.
Published	01/14/2025	Virus Infection Cycle{{c1::Eclipse Phase}}:  the virus takes control of the host's, {{c2::genetic code is translated into proteins}}, {{c3::virus…
Published	01/14/2025	Virus Infection Cycle{{c1::Maturation}}: major production phase ( exopential replication of viruses in the cell)
Published	01/15/2025	the {{c1::protein}} of the capsid serves as in antigen infection and as site for {{c2::attachment }}
Published	01/15/2025	Virus Infection CycleRelease: newly replicated virus cells exit via {{c1::lysis of host cell}} or {{c2::budding}} through membrane
Published	01/15/2025	the evelope has a Lipid bilayer acquired from {{c1::host cell}} or nuclear membrane
Published	01/15/2025	Glycoproteins (“spikes”) – site for {{c1::attachment}} and serve as antigens
Published	01/15/2025	Bacteriophage rarely contains {{c1::RNA}}- they mostly carry DNA
Published	01/15/2025	Tail fibers -- protein fibers with {{c2::polysaccharide tips}} which help in determining the attachment site on {{c1::bacterial cells}}
Published	01/15/2025	the {{c1::tail sheat}} of the bacteriophage reconfigures into a tube when the virus attaches to a {{c2::bacterium}}
Published	01/15/2025	Base with enzymatic pins -- punch a hole in the {{c1::bacterial cell wall}} through which the viral {{c1::nucleic acid}} can enter
Published	01/15/2025	Lysogenic cycle: The DNA of certain viruses can incorporate into the host DNA and {{c1::lie dormant (latent)}}
Published	01/15/2025	Prion: {{c1::misfolded}} protein that cause illness
Published	01/15/2025	what type of disease does prion cause
Published	01/15/2025	protozoa are {{c1::eucaryotic}} single cell organism
Published	01/15/2025	How does Amoebea move
Published	01/15/2025	Flagellates move by
Published	01/15/2025	Ciliates  move by
Published	01/15/2025	The typical size of a protozoa
Published	01/15/2025	Sporozoan locomotion ?
Published	01/15/2025	Cell morphology of protozoa ?
Published	01/15/2025	Trophozoite stage is the active {{c1::vegetative}}, {{c2::motile feeding stage }}
Published	01/15/2025	Cystic stage is the {{c1::dormant}} stage
Published	01/15/2025	protoza reproduce by {{c1::Shizogony}}: multiple division of the {{c2::nucleus }}{{c3::Conjugation}} : two cell fuse, fertilze and then {{c4…
Published	01/15/2025	Helminths are {{c1::multi}}cellular, they have simple body system and reduced {{c2::locomotion }}
Published	01/15/2025	Tremadotes are shaped like a {{c1::leaf,}} they have one body part, {{c2::non-segmented }}
Published	01/15/2025	most are  Tremadotes are {{c1::monoecious}} -- they have both  male and female reproductive structures in one organism
Published	01/15/2025	Cestodes ( tapeworm) they are {{c1::segmented}} with multiple body part, they are {{c1::2-12}} meters long
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::nematodes}} are Unsegmented and cylindrical, they measure from 3{{c1::00um- 1 meter }}
Published	01/15/2025	Cestodes (the tapeworms)
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Immune System}} – The cells and molecules responsible for immunity, and their collective and coordinated response
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Immune Response}} – The overall actions and interactions of the immune system to provide immunity
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Immunity}} -- the body's resistance to disease-causing microorganisms
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::innate host response}}- non specific, general regcognition to foreign substance
Published	01/15/2025	Adaptive Response (aka. Acquired / Induced / Antigen-Specific immune response){{c1::Specific}} immune response to “foreign” substance (e.g. microbe)
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Primary Response}} – the immune system events which occur following the first time exposure to a foreign substane
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Secondary Response}} - the rapid and highly specific response by the host's immune system against a specific foreign substance which had been pr…
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Antigen}}- the foreign substanc will trigger a immune response
Published	01/15/2025	Antibody/ Immunoglobin - basic Y shape with FAB ( {{c1::Fragment Antigen-binding) and FC}}
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Basophils}} -- involved in the inflammatory process
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Eosinophils}} -- increased in allergic responses
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Neutrophils (~45-75%)}} -- The primary phagocytic cells.
Published	01/15/2025	{{c3::Monocyte -}}- Moderately phagocytic; matures into {{c1::macrophages}} & {{c2::dendritic}} cells; and responds to inflammation signals
Published	01/15/2025	Macrophages: Large {{c1::phagocytic}} cells which mature from monocytes
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Antibody/Immunglobin}}: Y shape , FAB are {{c2::antigen}} binding site, Fc region- {{c2::phagocyte}} and complement bind at Fc.
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Macrophages}} are a Major line of defense  against invading microbes and abnormal ordefective host cells
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Lymphoid Tissu}}e – tissues where antigens interact with cells of the immune system
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1:: (MHC}}) -- proteins on the surface of tissue and blood cells which identify cells belonging to a specific individual
Published	01/15/2025	{{c1::Class I}} -- (one amino acid chain) found on virtually every cell in the body
Published	01/15/2025	{{c2::Class II}} -- (two amino acid chains) found only on certain cells of the immune system, particularly {{c1::dendritic cells}}, macrophages, and B…
Status	Last Update	Fields