Notes in 20Renal2

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Quantitative Comparison
Published	07/30/2024	Quantitative Comparison
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Excretion}} = {{c2::Glomerular Filtration (nonselective)}} - {{c2::Tubular Reabsorption (higly selective)}} +&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::50}}% of Urea is reabsorbed in the renal tubules
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::100}}% of Glucose and AAs are reabsorbed in the renal tubules
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::0}}% of Creatinine is reabsorbed in the renal tubules
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transcellular}} route of tubular reabsorption passes through {{c2::channels or transporters}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Paracellular}} route of tubular reabsorption passes through {{c2::tight junctions}}
Published	07/30/2024	Paracellular transport utilizes {{c1::passive::active/passive/both active and passive}} types of transport
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Solvent Drag}} is the phenomenon where the osmosis of water via the paracellular route carries some solutes (Mg2+ Ca2+ K+) with it
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] {{c1::Increase}} Active Na+ Reabsorption → {{c2::Increase}} Passive Cl- Reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	Proximal tubules have {{c1::high::high/low}} numbers of mitochondria
Published	07/30/2024	Early Proximal Tubules have {{c1::more::more/less}} SGLT2 compared to Late Proximal Tubules on their {{c3::apical}} sideIt absorbs {{c2::90}…
Published	07/30/2024	First 1/2 Proximal Tubules have {{c1::less}} SGLT1 compared to Second First 1/2 Tubules on their {{c3::apical}} sideIt absorb…
Published	07/30/2024	QC Proximal Tubule Glucose Absorption:SGLT2 {{c1::>::< or >}} SGLT1
Published	07/30/2024	QC Proximal Tubule Glucose Reabsorption:First Half of Proximal Tubule {{c1::>::< or >}} Second Half of Proximal Tubule
Published	07/30/2024	QC Proximal Tubule Organic Solute Reabsorption:First 1/2 Early Proximal Tubule {{c1::>::< or >}} Second 1/2 Proximal Tubule
Published	07/30/2024	QC Proximal Tubule Chloride Reabsorption:Early Proximal Tubule {{c1::<::< or >}} Late Proximal Tubule
Published	07/30/2024	QC Pathway Utilized by Late Proximal Tubule Cl- Reabsorption:Paracellular {{c1::<::< or >}} Transcellular
Published	07/30/2024	QC Mitochondria Concentration:Thin Ascending Limb {{c1::<}} Thick Ascending Limb
Published	07/30/2024	QC Metabolic Activity:Thin Ascending Limb {{c1::<}} Thick Ascending Limb
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters present on the luminal side of the Proximal Tubule:{{c1::Main:SGLT1SGLT2 (major)NHEOther:Sodium-AA TransporterSodium-Phosphate Transporte…
Published	07/30/2024	SGLT2 and SGLT1 transporters are {{c1::secondary active::primary active/secondary active/passive}} transporters
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Proximal Tubule::where}}NHE transporters are {{c1::secondary active::primary active/secondary active/passive}} transporters in the {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Proximal Tubule[VR] {{c1::Increase}} Na+ Reabsorption → {{c2::Increase}} H2O Reabsorption through {{c3::AQP1 (transcellular) and tight junctions …
Published	07/30/2024	QC Proximal Tubule Water TransportersAQP-1 {{c1::>}} AQP-2
Published	07/30/2024	Loop of Henle{{c1::Increase}} NaCl Reabsorption → {{c1::No Effect}} Water Reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	QC Solute and Water ReabsorptionProximal Tubule {{c1::>}} Loop of Henle
Published	07/30/2024	The thin descending limb is {{c1::Highly permeable::impermeable/permeable}} to Waterpassively absorbs {{c2::20}}% of water
Published	07/30/2024	The thin descending limb is {{c1::impermeable::impermeable/permeable}} to Solutes (Urea, Sodium, etc.)
Published	07/30/2024	The thin ascending limb is {{c1::impermeable::impermeable/permeable}} to Water.
Published	07/30/2024	The thick ascending limb is {{c1::impermeable::impermeable/permeable}} to Water.
Published	07/30/2024	The thin ascending limb reabsorbs Na+ using {{c1::passive::active/passive}} transport
Published	07/30/2024	The thick ascending limb reabsorbs Na+ using {{c1::active::active/passive}} transport
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increase}} in Furosemide use → {{c2::Decrease}} in {{c3::NKCC2::transporter}} Activity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increase}} in Loop Diuretic use → {{c2::Decrease}} in {{c3::NKCC2::transporter}} Activity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Thick Ascending Limb::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in Ethacrynic acid → {{c2::Decrease}} in K+ Reabsorption through {{c4::NKCC2::transporter}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Thick Ascending Limb::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in Bumetanide → {{c2::Decrease}} in Cl- Reabsorption through {{c4::NKCC2}} transporter
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Thick Ascending Limb::where}}[VR] {{c1::Increase}} in Furosemide → {{c2::Increase}} in Na+, Cl-, Water excretion through {{c4::NKCC2 inhibi…
Published	07/30/2024	The Early Distal Tubule is {{c1::impermeable::permeable/impermeable}} to Water
Published	07/30/2024	The Early Distal Tubule is {{c1::impermeable::permeable/impermeable}} to Urea
Published	07/30/2024	The Early Distal Tubule reabsorbs Na+ via {{c1::active::passive/active}} transport
Published	07/30/2024	The Early Distal Tubule actively reabsorbs NaCl via the transporter known as {{c1::NCC cotransporter}} also known as {{c1::Na+/Cl- Symporter…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::Early Distal Tubule::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in Thiazide → {{c2::Decrease}} in {{c3::NCC::transporter}} Activity
Published	07/30/2024	Early Distal Tubule{{c1::Increase}} in Thiazide → {{c2::Decrease}} in NaCl Reabsorption through {{c3::NCC::transporter}}
Published	07/30/2024	NKCC2 is found in the {{c1::thick ascending limb}}
Published	07/30/2024	NCC is found in the {{c1::early distal tubule/diluting segment}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aldosterone and ADH acts on what renal tubules? {{c1::late distal and collecting ducts}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The aldosterone-sensitive segments of the nephron are {{c1::late distal tubule and collecting ducts}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Late Distal Tubules & Collecting Duct - Principal Cells::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in Amiloride → {{c2::Decrease}} in {{c4::ENaC::tr…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Late Distal Tubules & Collecting Duct - Principal Cells::where}}[VR] {{c1::Increase}} in Triamterene → {{c2::Increase}} in Na+ exc…
Published	07/30/2024	Late Distal Tubules & Collecting Duct{{c1::Increase}} in Principal Cell Activity → {{c1::No Effect}} Cl- Reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Late Distal Tubules & Collecting Duct::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in Principal Cell Activity → {{c2::Increase}} K+ Secretion
Published	07/30/2024	The principal cells utilize the transporter {{c1::Epithelial Na+ Channels (ENaC)}} to {{c2::passively::actively/passively}} reabsorb Na+
Published	07/30/2024	QC Likelihood of Hyperkalemia in usage of:Loop Diuretcs {{c1::<}} Potassium-sparing Diuretics
Published	07/30/2024	QC Likelihood of Hyperkalemia in usage of:Thiazides {{c1::<}} Spironolactone
Published	07/30/2024	Very {{c1::High::High/Low}} Aldosterone Levels → {{c2::Increase::Increase/Decrease}} in likelihood of Hypokalemia
Published	07/30/2024	What are the 4 Potassium Sparing Diuretics?{{c1::SpironolactoneEplerononeAmilorideTriamterene}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Late Distal Tubules & Collecting Ducts::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in ADH → {{c2::Increase}} in AQP2 Insertion along {{c4::Luminal::l…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Late Distal Tubules & Collecting Ducts::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in ADH → {{c2::Increase}} in Water Reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	Water is transported from the tubular principal cells to the interstitium via the transport channels {{c1::AQP3 and AQP4}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] {{c1::Increase}} in Aldosterone → {{c2::Increase}} in Na+ reabsorption in the {{c3::Distal tubule/collecting tubule and duct}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increase}} in Aldosterone → {{c2::Increase}} in K+ secretion
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Principal cells of the Late Distal Tubules and Cortical Collecting Tubules::where}}[VR] {{c1::Decrease}} in Spironolactone → {{c2::Increase…
Published	07/30/2024	Thick Ascending Limb{{c1::Increase}} in ADH → {{c1::No Effect}} in Water Reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Thin Descending Limb::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in ADH → {{c1::No Effect}} in Water Reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increase}} in Alpha Intercalated Cell activity → {{c2::Increase}} in body pH
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increase}} in Beta Intercalated Cell activity → {{c2::Decrease}} in body pH
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] {{c1::Increase}} in Beta Intercalated Cell activity → {{c2::Decrease}} in HCO3 Reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::Late Distal Tubule and Cortical collecting ducts::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in Alpha Intercalated Cell activity → {{c2::Increase}} in H+ excr…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increase}} in Aldosterone → {{c2::Increase}} in Alpha-Intercalated Cell Activity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increase}} in Aldosterone → {{c2::Increase}} in likelihood of metabolic alkalosis
Published	07/30/2024	HCO3 is excreted by the Beta Intercalated Cell via the transporter known as {{c1::pendrin (Apical Cl-/HCO3- antiporter}}
Published	07/30/2024	Distal Tubule & Cortical Collecting Ducts{{c1::Increase}} in ADH → {{c1::No Effect}} in Urea Permeability
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Medullary Collecting Ducts::where}}{{c1::Increase}} in ADH/AVP → {{c2::Increase}} in Urea Permeability
Published	07/30/2024	H+ is secreted into the tubular lumen in the {{c2::Proximal tubules}} via the {{c1::NHE}} countertransporters
Published	07/30/2024	Substance Filtration Rate equation
Published	07/30/2024	The excretion of solutes is always dependent on each other due to osmosis and solvent drag [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	Ultrafiltration/Bulk flow [Definition]
Published	07/30/2024	limit to the rate at which a solute can be transported due to saturation of transport proteins and enzymes
Published	07/30/2024	plasma conc of a solute that's supposed to be fully reabsorbed reaches a point when traces appear in urine
Published	07/30/2024	Threshold is reached first before overall transport max because nephrons have different transport max. [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	transport of actively transported solutes with no transport max
Published	07/30/2024	Factors of Gradient-time transport
Published	07/30/2024	Na-K ATPase has a transport max > actual Na reabsorption rate [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	Na exhibits gradient time transport in the {{c1::proximal}} parts, transport max in the {{c2::distal}} parts of the nephron
Published	07/30/2024	Proximal tubule reabsorbs {{c1::65}}% Na, Cl, K, HCO3, H2O
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Na absorbed in the 1. Early 1/2 proximal tubule 2. latter 1/2 proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Basolateral side of the Early proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Apical side of the late proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Basolateral side of the late proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Na concentration 1. Early proximal tubule 2. Late proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	What does the proximal tubule secrete
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] creatinine concentration 1. Early proximal tubule 2. Late proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Basolateral side of the Thick ascending segment
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Apical side of the Thick ascending segment
Published	07/30/2024	Where is the macula densa
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Early Distal Tubules/Diluting Segment
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Apical side of the Principal cells of the late distal tubules and cortical collecting tubules
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Basolateral side of the Principal cells of the late distal tubules and cortical collecting tubules
Published	07/30/2024	K-sparing diuretics act on
Published	07/30/2024	Effect of eplerenone
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Basolateral side of the Alpha-intercalated cells of the late distal tubules and cortical collecting tubules
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Apical side of the Alpha-intercalated cells of the late distal tubules and cortical collecting tubules
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Apical side of the Beta-intercalated cells of the late distal tubules and cortical collecting tubules
Published	07/30/2024	Transporters in the Basolateral side of the Beta-intercalated cells of the late distal tubules and cortical collecting tubules
Published	07/30/2024	Are medullary collecting ducts affected by ADH/AVP?
Published	07/30/2024	Area of the nephron which is cuboidal and has few mitochondria
Published	07/30/2024	What do the Medullary Collecting Ducts secrete
Published	07/30/2024	Permeability to H2OProximal Tubule: {{c1::Y}}Thin Descending Limb: {{c1::Y}}Thin Ascending Limb: {{c1::N}}Thick Ascending Limb: {{c1::N}}Early Distal …
Published	07/30/2024	Active Na TransportProximal Tubule: {{c1::Y}}Thin Descending Limb: {{c1::N}}Thin Ascending Limb: {{c1::N}}Thick Ascending Limb: {{c1::Y}}Early Di…
Published	07/30/2024	Only area/s in the nephron with no NaCl permeability
Published	07/30/2024	Only area/s in the nephron with no Urea permeability
Published	07/30/2024	Most powerful Na retaining hormone
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::AngioTensin II}}Target:{{c1::Proximal Tubules Loop of Henle Distal Tubules Collecting Ducts}}Stimulus: {{c2::Low blood volume}}Effect: {{c3::Hig…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::Aldosterone}}Target:{{c1::Late Distal Tubules and Cortical Collecting Duct (principal and alpha-intercalated cells)}}Stimulus: {{c2::Low blood v…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::ADH/AVP (Arginine Vassopressin)}}Target:{{c1::V2 receptors in late distal tubule and collecting ducts AQP2)}}Stimulus: {{c2::High plasma osmolar…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)}}Target:{{c1::Distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts}}Stimulus: {{c2::Cardiac atrial stretch, High blood v…
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Low-Moderate physiologic SNS activation 2. Renin release and Angiotensin II formation
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Low-Moderate physiologic SNS activation 2. NaCl and H2O reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. High-Severe SNS activation 2. renal arteriolar constriction
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. High-Severe SNS activation 2. GFR
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. High-Severe SNS activation 2. NaCl and H2O reabsorption
Published	07/30/2024	Kidneys excrete excess H2O by forming dilute urine w/ {{c1::50}} mOsm/LKidneys conserve H2O by excreting concentration urine w/ {{c1::1200-1400}} mOsm…
Published	07/30/2024	Main hormone for regulating ECF/plasma osmolarity
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. ECF/plasma osmolarity 2. Posterior pituitary gland ADH secretion
Published	07/30/2024	ADH/AVP alters the rate of renal excretion fo solutes [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	What part of the brain controls ADH
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::1}}% increase in plasma osmolarity increases ADH secretion {{c1::>10}}% drop in plasma volume/pressure increases ADH secretion
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. H2O diuresis after ingestion of 1L of H2O 2. Urine volume
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. H2O diuresis after ingestion of 1L of H2O 2. Urine osmolarity
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. H2O diuresis after ingestion of 1L of H2O 2. Solute excretion
Published	07/30/2024	Sources of H2O loss in the body
Published	07/30/2024	Obligatory urine volume
Published	07/30/2024	maximal urine conc.
Published	07/30/2024	Thin descending limb, urea concentration rises due to
Published	07/30/2024	Where does the urea added in the Thin descending limb come from
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Urea concentration 1. Thin descending limb 2. Thick ascending/DIstal tubule/Cortical collecting duct w/ ADH
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Osmolarity 1. Loop of Henle 2. Distal Tubule
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Osmolarity 1. Distal Tubule 2. Medullary collecting ducts
Published	07/30/2024	Thirst center is in the
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Plasma osmolarity 2. Thirst
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Blood volume 2. Thirst
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Blood pressure 2. Thirst
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Angiotensin II 2. Thirst
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Dry Mouth 2. Thirst
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Gastric distention 2. Thirst
Published	07/30/2024	Sensors of osmoregulation
Published	07/30/2024	Effectors of osmoregulation
Published	07/30/2024	What is affected in osmoregulation
Published	07/30/2024	What is affected in volume regulation
Published	07/30/2024	Effectors of volume regulation
Published	07/30/2024	Sensors of volume regulation
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] urine volume if vasopressin is (1) high (2) low
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Urine glucose level if SGLT2 is (1) activated (2) inhibited
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] (1) blood potassium level (2) aldosterone secretion
Published	07/30/2024	Hormone that enhances sodium and water excretionADHANPaldosteroneangiotensin II
Published	07/30/2024	Tubular segment that reabsorbs the most sodium and waterproximal tubuleTALHdistal tubulecortical collecting duct
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] (1) ADH secretion (2) urine osmolarity
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] tubular osmolarity at the end of (1) proximal tubule (2) TALH
Published	07/30/2024	Active reabsorption of sodium occurs in this segmentthin descending limb of Henlethin ascending limb of Henlethick ascending limb of Henle
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] (1) effective circulating volume (2) renin secretion
Published	07/30/2024	Aldosterone effectincreased sodium excretiondecreased water reabsorptiondecreased potassium secretionincreased hydrogen ion excretion
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] level of ADH secretion if plasma osmolarity is (1) 280mOsm/L (2) 320mOsm/L
Published	07/30/2024	Tubular segment that is impermeable to water in the presence of vasopressinproximal tubuleTALHlate distal tubulecortical collecting duct
Published	07/30/2024	Hyperkalemia can be a side effect of a drug that inhibitsSGLT-2NaCl symporterNaKCCl transporteraldosterone receptor
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] (1) effective circulating volume (2) urine sodium excretion
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] (1) ADH secretion (2) water reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] osmolarity in the interstitial space of the renal (1) cortex (2) medulla
Published	07/30/2024	Hormone that is stimulated by increased effective circulating volumeangiotensin IIaldosteroneatrial natriuretic peptidevasopressin
Published	07/30/2024	A healthy person who joined a marathon for 2 hours with no fluid intake will havehigh urine volumelow plasma osmolarityhigh urine osmolarityhigh urine…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] plasma creatinine level if GFR is (1) normal (2) severely reduced
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] (1) aldosterone level (2) plasma potassium
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Urine osmolarity in a healthy person if (1) plasma osmolarity is 270mOsm/L (2) plasma osmolairty is 320mOsm/L
Published	07/30/2024	A high dietary salt intake will increase circulating levels of Angiotensin II. [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Plasma potassium level if aldosterone is (1) high (2) low
Published	07/30/2024	VR (1) aldosterone level (2) plasma pH
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Urine sodium excretion if a person is (1) hypervolemic (2) hypovolemic
Published	07/30/2024	Plays an important role in the generation of a hypertonic medullary interstitiumglomerulusproximal tubulethick ascending limb of Henlecortical collect…
Published	07/30/2024	A healthy person who drank 1 liter of water in 1 hour will have increasedurine sodium excretionwater reabsorption from the distal tubulespotassium sec…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] tubular osmolarity in the medullary collecting duct if ADH is (1) high (2) low
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Urine osmolarity if ADH secretion is (1) present (2) absent
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Urine sodium excretion if angiotensin II is (1) activated (2) inhibited
Published	07/30/2024	Tubular segment that is permeable to urea in the presence of ADHthick ascending limb of Henlelate distal tubulecortical collecting ductmedullary colle…
Published	07/30/2024	A person who lacks both ADH and thirst sensation will likely have LOWplasma sodiumplasma osmolarityurine volumeurine osmolarity
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] (1) Na+/K+ ATPase activity (2) osmolarity in the proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	Increased plasma osmolarity will lead todecreased vasopressinincreased thirstdecreased aldosteroneincreased atrial natriuretic peptide
Published	07/30/2024	Active reabsorption of potassium occurs along the luminal side of this tubular segmentthin descending limb of Henlethin ascending limb of Henlethick a…
Published	07/30/2024	Reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal tubule requires the secretion of hydrogen ions. [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Urine sodium excretion if SGLT2 is (1) activated (2) inhibited
Published	07/30/2024	Reabsorption of glucose from the nephron is a sodium dependant process. [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Efferent arteriolar resistance with (1) angiotensin II receptor activation (2) angiotensin II receptor inhibition
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Blood pH if the Na+/H+ exchanger is (1) activated (2) inhibited
Status	Last Update	Fields