Notes in UPM: Med

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: RateBig square is {{c1::0.2s}}Small square is {{c1::0.04s}}To calculate rate: Divide 300 by {{c2::no of big squares between 2…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: RhythmSinus rhythm: {{c1::P wave followed by QRS complex}}Sinus arrhythmia: {{c1::regular lengthening and shortening with respiration}}…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Axis= the overall direction of depolarization across anterior chestNormal axis: {{c1::-30° to +90°}}Left axis deviation: {{c1::< -30…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: P wavesAF: {{c1::absent P waves (d/t junctional or ventricular rhythm)}}P mitrale: {{c2:: bifid P wave (LA hypertrophy)}}P pulmonale:&n…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: PR interval= from {{c1::start of P wave to start of QRS}}Normal: {{c1::0.12-0.2s (3-5 small squares)}}Prolonged PR interval =  {{c2::de…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: QRS complexesNormal: {{c1::<0.12s (3 small squares)}}Prolonged QRS = {{c2::ventricular conduction defects}}High amplitude QRS =&nbsp…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Q waveNormal: {{c1::<0.04s wide, <2mm deep}}Often seens in I, aVL, V5, V6 (normal septal depolarization)Pathological Q wave occurs&nbs…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: QT interval= from start of QRS to end of T waveQTc = {{c1::QT interval divided by square root of R-R interval}}Normal QTc: {{c1::0.38-0…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: J wave= point where S wave finishes and ST segment startsSeen in {{c1::hypothermia, SAH, hyperCa}}
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Heart block1st degree: {{c1::prolonged PR interval and unchanging; no missed beat}}2nd degree/Mobitz 1: {{c2::PR interval becomes longe…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Pulmonary embolismCommonest finding: {{c1::sinus tachycardia}}RBBBRight ventricular strain pattern:{{c2::Right axis deviationDominant R wave…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: MetabolicHyperK: {{c1::absent P waves, widened QRS, tall tented T wave, sine wave appearance}}HypoK: {{c2::prolonged PR interval, ST de…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Ventricular hypertrophyLVH: {{c1::R wave in V6 >25mm OR sum of S wave in V1 and R wave in V6 is >35mm}}RVH:{{c2::dominant R wave in V…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Low voltage QRSQRS {{c1::<5mm}} in all limb leads
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Bundle branch blockRBBBMaRRoW: {{c1::M pattern in V1, W in V6}}ECG: {{c1::‘RSR’ in V1:dominant R in V1inverted T waves in V1-3 or V4wide, sl…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: WPWECG: {{c1::short PR interval}}{{c1::widened QRS d/t slurred upstroke or 'delta wave'}}Types:{{c2::Type A (+ve δ wave in V1)}}{{c2::Type B…
Published	11/05/2023	ECG: Ventricular ectopicPresentations:{{c2::Asymptomatic}}{{c2::Palpitation, thumping sensation or heart ‘missing a beat’}}ECG:{{c1::Broad QRS}}Bigemi…
Published	11/05/2023	Neuro: MGAntibodies:{{c1::Anti-AchR antibodies}}{{c1::Muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies}}Repetitive nerve stimulation: {{c1::decremental…
Published	11/05/2023	Neuro: Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic SyndromeCauses: {{c1::paraneoplastic (a/w malignancy, in particular small cell lung Ca}}{{c1::autoimmune}}Antibod…
Published	11/05/2023	Respiratory causes of clubbing:
Published	11/05/2023	Signs of Pulmonary Hypertension:
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of Chronic Pulmonary Fibrosis/ILD
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of Apical Pulmonary Fibrosis [CHARTS]
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of Basal Pulmonary Fibrosis: [RASID]
Published	11/05/2023	Complication of End stage lung disease:
Published	11/05/2023	Peripheral stigmata of Systemic Sclerosis:
Published	11/05/2023	Peripheral stigmata of SLE:
Published	11/05/2023	Peripheral stigmata of Dermatomyositis:
Published	11/05/2023	Peripheral stigmata of Sarcoidosis:
Published	11/05/2023	Pulmonary fibrosis/ILD: Lung function test:{{c1::Reduced in lung volumes (total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, residual volume)}}{{…
Published	11/05/2023	Bronchiectasis:Def: {{c1::Chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles leading to permanent dilatation and thinning of these airways}}Organism…
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of Bronchiectasis:
Published	11/05/2023	Bronchiectasis:Spirometry: {{c1::obstructive pattern}}CXR: {{c1::cystic shadow, thickened bronchial walls (tramline and ring shadows)}}
Published	11/05/2023	Cystic Fibrosis:Autosomal {{c1::recessive}}Caused by mutations in {{c1::CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene on chromosome 7}}This is…
Published	11/05/2023	Pneumothorax: CausesPrimary: {{c1::spontaneous especially in young, thin men}}Secondary: Chronic lung disease: {{c2::asthma, COPD, CF, …
Published	11/05/2023	Pneumothorax: ManagementNeedle thoracocentesisLandmark: {{c1::2nd ICS, midclavicular line}}Primary pneumothorax:Not SOB or <2cm: {{c2::di…
Published	11/05/2023	Pneumothorax: Chest drainSafe triangle:{{c1::lateral border of pec major}}{{c1::anterior border of latissimus dorsi}}{{c1::horizontal line of nipple}}…
Published	11/05/2023	Asthma: DefinitionDef: history of respiratory symptoms such as SOB, chest tightness, wheeze and cough that {{c1::vary over time and intensity}} A…
Published	11/05/2023	Asthma: Initial DiagnosisCharacteristic pattern of respiratory symptoms + variable expiratory airflow limitation1. SOB, chest tightness, cough, wheezi…
Published	11/05/2023	Asthma: Symptoms control
Published	11/05/2023	Asthma: Mild to moderate exacerbationsFeatures:Talk in {{c1::phrases}}Prefers sitting to lyingNot agitatedRR {{c1::20-30bpm}}PR {{c1::100-12…
Published	11/05/2023	Asthma: Severe exacerbationFeatures:Talks in {{c1::words}}Sits hunched forwardsAgitatedRR {{c1::>30bpm}}PR {{c1::>120bpm}}SpO2&nb…
Published	11/05/2023	Asthma: Life threatening exacerbationsFeatures:Drowsy, confusedSilent chestPaO2 {{c1::<60mmHg}}PaCO2 {{c1::N or increase}}HypotensionPEF&…
Published	11/05/2023	Asthma: Triggering factors
Published	11/05/2023	Community Acquired Pneumonia: CURB-65
Published	11/05/2023	Community Acquired Pneumonia: SMART-COP
Published	11/05/2023	Pneumonia:Hospital acquired/ Nosocomial: {{c1::acquired ≥48 hours after hospital admission}}Ventilator-associated: {{c1::acquired ≥48 hours …
Published	11/05/2023	Empyema:Suspect when {{c1::persistent/recurrent fever}}CXR: pleural effusionPleural fluid analysis: pH{{c1::<7.2}}{{c1::low}} glucose{{c1…
Published	11/05/2023	Pneumonia: MDRMDR pathogens: {{c1::pathogen not susceptible to at least 1 agent from 3 or more classes of abx}}RF:Hosp settings with high rates o…
Published	11/05/2023	CAP: Antibiotics- Outpatient: {{c1::PO Amoxicillin 500mg TDS for 5-7 days}}- Inpatient: {{c1::IV Augmentin 1.2g TDS for 5-7 days}} + {{…
Published	11/05/2023	Pleural effusion: Light's criteria for an exudatePleural fluid protein: serum protein {{c1::>0.5}}Pleural fluid LDH: serum LDH {{c1::>…
Published	11/05/2023	Pleural effusion: Transudate
Published	11/05/2023	Pleural fluid: Exudate
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of hemorrhagic pleural effusion
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of Chylothorax:
Published	11/05/2023	What to see in Pleural fluid analysis?
Published	11/05/2023	Diagnosis of Tuberculous pleuritis
Published	11/05/2023	Pleural effusion: PleurodesisIndications:{{c1::recurrent malignant pleural effusion}}{{c1::recurrent pneumothorax}}Agent for chemical pleurodesis:{{c2…
Published	11/05/2023	Differential diagnosis of dullness with reduced breath sounds
Published	11/05/2023	Etiology of Encephalitis
Published	11/05/2023	Clinical Features of Encephalitis
Published	11/05/2023	Difference between Encephalitis and Encephalopathy
Published	11/05/2023	Management of Encephalitis
Published	11/05/2023	STEMI:Reinfarction: MI occurs {{c1::<28 days of the incident event}}Recurrence: MI occurs {{c1::>28 days}}
Published	11/05/2023	Classification of MI (5)
Published	11/05/2023	Diagnosis of MI: {{c1::rise and/or fall in cardiac troponins}}, with ≥1 value >99th percentile of URL and ≥1 of:History: {{c2::ischemic chest pain …
Published	11/05/2023	Cardiac biomarkersPreferred: {{c1::troponins (both I and T}}Rise and/or fall in troponin = {{c2::acute injury}}Persistently elevated = …
Published	11/05/2023	Diagnosis of STEMI:ST elevation in 2 contiguous leads{{c1::≥1mm ST segment elevation}} in all leadsexcept V2-3New onset or presumed new LBBB
Published	11/05/2023	Leads with ST elevationAffected myocardial areaOccluded arteryV1-2{{c3::Septal}} {{c1:: Proximal LAD}}V3-4{{c3::Anterior}}{{c1::LAD}}V5-6Api…
Published	11/05/2023	Initial management of ACS:Assessment and stabilization of patient's hemodynamicVenous access to take blood: {{c1::Cardiac biomarkers, FBC, RP, Gl…
Published	11/05/2023	Reperfusion strategies for STEMI:Early (<3 hrs): {{c1::Primary PCI or fibrinolytic}}Late (3-12 hrs): {{c1::Primary PCI}}Very late (>12…
Published	11/05/2023	Absolute CI to Fibrinolysis in STEMIRisk of intracranial hemorrhage Hx of {{c3::intracranial bleed}} Hx of {{c3::ischemic stroke within 3 months}…
Published	11/05/2023	Killip's Classification: Prognosis post fibrinolysis/primary PCII: {{c1::No signs of LV failure}}II: {{c1::S3 gallop, bibasal crackles, elev…
Published	11/05/2023	Diagnostic criteria for cardiogenic shock:BP:SBP {{c1::<90mmHg for 30 min}} orMAP {{c1::<65mmHg}} or{{c1::vasopressors}} requires to a…
Published	11/05/2023	CPR QualityPush hard (at least {{c1::5cm}}) and fast ({{c1::100-120/min)}}Allow {{c2::complete chest recoil}}{{c2::Minimize interruptions}} …
Published	11/05/2023	Cardiac arrest: EpinephrineRoute: {{c1::IV/IO}}Dose: {{c1::1mg}}Every {{c1::3-5 min}}AmiodaroneRoute: {{c2::IV/IO}}First dose:&nbs…
Published	11/05/2023	Reversible causes of cardiac arrest:5H: {{c1::hypovolemia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hydrogen ions (acidosis), hypo/kyperK}}5T: {{c2::tamponade,…
Published	11/05/2023	Definition of Heart failure
Published	11/05/2023	How to classify heart failure:Based on LVEF{{c1::HFrEF (≤40%)}}{{c1::HFmrEF (41-49%)}}{{c1::HFpEF (≥50%)}}Based on clinical presentationAcute HFChroni…
Published	11/05/2023	Patient factors (4){{c1::non-compliance to med}}{{c1::dietay indiscretion}}Inappropriate meds: NSAIDs, COX2-iAlcoholCardiac causes (5)Superimposed {{c…
Published	11/05/2023	New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional ClassificationI: {{c1::No limitation. Ordinary physical activity does not cause symp}}II: {{c1…
Published	11/05/2023	Cardiorenal subtypes:Type 1: acute CRS{{c1::Rapid worsening of cardiac function leading to AKI }}Type 2: chronic CRS{{c1::Chronic abnormalities i…
Published	11/05/2023	Signs of Marfan syndrome:General:Dolichostenomelia: {{c1::tall with disproportionately long limbs}}KyphoscoliosisPectus excavatum/carinatumMouth:…
Published	11/05/2023	Marfan syndromeDue to mutations in {{c1::fibrillin-1 gene}}Autosomal {{c1::dominant}}
Published	11/05/2023	Diagnostic criteria for Marfan syndrome: {{c1::Ghent criteria}}Major criteria: (>2){{c1::skeletal manifestations: arachnodactyly, arm span>…
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of narrow pulse pressure- indicates low CO state
Published	11/05/2023	Aortic valve: Aortic stenosisAortic regurgitationPulseVolume: {{c1::low}}Character: {{c1::slow rising/parvus et tardus}}Volume: {{c5::high}}Chara…
Published	11/05/2023	Eponymous signs associated with AR:Corrigans's: {{c1::visible carotid pulsations in neck}}Quincke's: {{c1::capillary pulsations in fingernai…
Published	11/05/2023	IE: Empirical antibiotics for native valveIV {{c1::Benzylpenicillin 18MU/day q4-6H}}OR IV {{c1::Ampicillin 12g/day 4-6H}}+ IV {{c2::Gentamic…
Published	11/05/2023	Modified Duke's criteria: Major criteria{{c1::Blood culture positive for IE}}:VGS, Strep bovis, HACEK, S. aureus ORcommunity acquired enterococci in a…
Published	11/05/2023	Modified Duke's criteria: Minor criteria
Published	11/05/2023	Pulse in AF
Published	11/05/2023	Assess stroke risk for AF: {{c2::CHA2DS2-VASc}}C: {{c3::CCF (1)}}H: {{c3::HPT (1)}}A: {{c1::Age 65-74 (1), >74 (2)}}D: {{c3::DM…
Published	11/05/2023	Warfarin: INR monitoringFirst 2 weeks: {{c1::twice weekly}}Next 4 weeks: {{c1::weekly}}Next 1 month: {{c1::once in 2 weeks}}Then 4 week…
Published	11/05/2023	CVS causes of Clubbing
Published	11/05/2023	GI causes of Clubbing
Published	11/05/2023	Grading of Clubbing
Published	11/05/2023	Pulsus alternans: {{c1::alternating strong and weak beats}}- Indicates {{c1::LV failure}}
Published	11/05/2023	Features of JVP: POLICEPalpation: {{c1::non-palpable}}Occlusion: {{c1::readily occuldable}}Location: {{c1::between heads of SCM, latera…
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of elevated JVP
Published	11/05/2023	Complication of Valve replacement:Valvular{{c1::valve dysfunction: leaking, dehiscence, thrombosis}}{{c1::hemolysis}}{{c1::thromboembolism}}{{c1::endo…
Published	11/05/2023	Acute pericarditis: ECG
Published	11/05/2023	Pericardial effusion: ECG
Published	11/05/2023	Beck's triad for Cardiac tamponade
Published	11/05/2023	Mitral valve: MRMSScarLateral thoracotomy scar: {{c1::previous valvotomy for MS}}Same as MRPulse/BP Volume: {{c4::low}}PP: {{c4::narrow due …
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of S3 (FIPPY)
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of S4 (SHIT)
Published	11/05/2023	Definition of CKD:eGFR {{c1::<60ml/min/1.73m²}} for {{c1::>3months}} with/without evidence of kidney damage OR{{c1::Evidence of kidney dama…
Published	11/05/2023	Albuminuria category in CKD: AER (mg/24 hrs)ACR (mg/mmol)TermsA1{{c1::<30}}{{c2::<3}}N to mildly increasedA2{{c1::30-300}}{{c2::3-30}}Moder…
Published	11/05/2023	Evidence of glomerular disease:
Published	11/05/2023	Renal US: to assess
Published	11/05/2023	Indications of renal ultrasound:
Published	11/05/2023	Metformin in renal failure:CKD 2: {{c1::continue}}CKD 3a: {{c1::no dose adjustment}}CKD 3b: {{c1::50% dose reduction}}CKD 4 & 5:&nb…
Published	11/05/2023	Avoid gadolinium in eGFR {{c1::<30ml/min/1.73m²}} due to increased risk of {{c1::nephrogenic systemic fibrosis}}Avoid FLEET in bowel prep…
Published	11/05/2023	Complications of CKD:Anemia= Hb {{c3::<13g/dL}} in male; {{c3::<12g/dL}} in femaleMechanism:{{c1::reduce renal erythropoietin production}}{{c1::…
Published	11/05/2023	Chest imaging of COVID-19CXR: {{c1::hazy opacities, often rounded in morphology, with peripheral & lower lung distribution}}CT: {{c2::mu…
Published	11/05/2023	Clinical staging of COVID-19
Published	11/05/2023	COVID-19 Warning Sign: CLINICAL
Published	11/05/2023	Predisposing factors of liver decompensation: [HEPATICS]
Published	11/05/2023	Complication of liver cirrhosis: [HEPATIK C]
Published	11/05/2023	US features of liver cirrhosis:
Published	11/05/2023	Peritoneal ascitic tap: What to send for?
Published	11/05/2023	α-fetoprotein: {{c1::>200ng/ml}} strongly suggestive of liver cancerAutoantibodies:PBC: {{c2::AMA}}PSC: {{c2::ANA, SMA, ANCA}}
Published	11/05/2023	Contraindication to paracentesis
Published	11/05/2023	Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis:Must be considered in ascites who {{c1::deteriorates suddenly}}Common organisms: {{c1::E.coli, Klebsiella,…
Published	11/05/2023	Mechanism of renal failure in Liver cirrhosis
Published	11/05/2023	Serum-ascitic albumin gradient
Published	11/05/2023	Child-Pugh score:
Published	11/05/2023	Hepatic encephalopathy grading:1mental changes {{c1::(lack awareness, anxiety, euphoria, reduced attention span, impaired ability to add and subtract)…
Published	11/05/2023	Clinical feature of Meningitis:Classical triad: {{c1::fever + headache + neck stiffness}}{{c1::Photophobia::eye}}Increased ICP: {{c2::altered level of…
Published	11/05/2023	Pyramidal pattern of motor weakness:Upper limb: {{c1::weak extensor}}Lower limb: {{c2::weak flexor}}Spasticity develops in stronger muscle g…
Published	11/05/2023	Causes of Unilateral UMNL
Published	11/05/2023	Ix for Multiple sclerosis:MRI brain/spine: {{c1::T2 hyperintense at periventricular white matter}}CSF: {{c2::oligoclonal band of IgG}}
Published	11/05/2023	Bilateral LMNL of lower limb:Anterior Horn Cell:{{c1::poliomyelitis}}{{c1::motor neuron disease}}Nerve root:{{c2::acute inflammatory demyelinating pol…
Published	11/05/2023	Motor neuron disease:4 clinical patterns:{{c1::Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}}loss of motor neurons in {{c2::motor cortex and anterior horn}}{{c1…
Published	11/05/2023	Corticobulbar/pseudobulbar palsyBulbar palsyLesion{{c1::Bilateral lesions above mid-pons}}{{c1::Nuclei of CN 9-12}}Pattern{{c2::UMNL}}{{c2::LMNL…
Published	11/05/2023	Leptospirosis:Causative agent: {{c1::Leptospira interrogans}}Spread by {{c2::urine of infected animals}} via:- {{c3::direct contact wit…
Published	11/05/2023	LeptospirosisIncubation period: {{c1::2-30 days}}- most occur {{c1::5-14 days}} after exposure
Published	11/05/2023	Clinical categories of Leptospirosis
Published	11/05/2023	Symptoms of Severe Leptospirosis Hemodynamic collapse 🧠: {{c1::Aseptic meningitis }} ❤️: {{c1::Cardiac arrhythmias or failure}} 🫁👄: {{c2::Hemorrha…
Published	11/05/2023	LeptospirosisRecommended specimens:Acute illness (1st week): {{c1::whole blood and serum}}Convalescent illness (after 1st week): {{c1::serum…
Published	11/05/2023	Confirmatory test for Leptospirosis
Published	11/05/2023	Positive results for Microscopic Agglutination test- For single serum: {{c1::titer ≥1:400}}- For paired sera: {{c1::≥4x rise in titer}}
Published	11/05/2023	Treatment of LeptospirosisMild to moderate: {{c1::PO Doxycycline 100mg BD for 5-7 days}}Severe: {{c2::IV Ceftriaxone 2g OD for 7 days}} ORIV…
Published	11/05/2023	Leptospirosis:Chemoprophylaxis with {{c1::oral doxycycline 200mg once a week}} for high risk and short term exposure
Published	11/05/2023	Classification of ischemic stroke:Early hyperacute: {{c1::0-6 hours}}Late hyperacute: {{c1::6-24 hours}}Acute: {{c2::24 hours- 7 days}}…
Published	11/05/2023	Ischemic stroke: Oxford Community Stroke ProjectBased on {{c1::clinical findings}}TACS: {{c2::Total Anterior Circulation Syndrome}}PACS:&nbs…
Published	11/05/2023	Total Anterior Circulation SyndromeClinical features:{{c1::Hemiparesis}} AND{{c1::Higher cortical dysfunction (dysphasia) or visuospatial neglect}} AN…
Published	11/05/2023	Partial Anterior Circulation SyndromeClinical features:{{c1::isolated higher cortical dysfunction}} ORAny 2 of {{c1::hemiparesis, higher cortical…
Published	11/05/2023	Posterior Circulation SyndromeClinical features:{{c1::Isolated hemianopia, brainstem or cerebellar syndrome}}Vascular: occlusion of{{c2::vertebral a}}…
Published	11/05/2023	Lacunar syndromeClinical features:{{c1::Pure motor stroke}} OR{{c1::Pure sensory stroke}} OR{{c1::Sensorimotor}} OR{{c1::Ataxic hemiparesis}} OR{{c1::…
Published	11/05/2023	TOAST Classification- Based on {{c1::stroke mechanism}}
Published	11/05/2023	Stroke of Undetermined Etiology/ Cryptogenic infarction= {{c1::no defined cause despite a complete workup}}Possible mechanism:Embolism d/t {{c2::…
Published	11/05/2023	Signs of Parietal lobe dysfunction
Published	11/05/2023	Thrombophilia screen
Published	11/05/2023	Primary Prevention of StrokeHPT: SBP {{c1::<130}} and DBP {{c1::<80}} for DMDM: HbA1c {{c1::<6.5%}}Lipid: LDL for high risk&nb…
Published	11/05/2023	Secondary prevention of stroke: AntiplateletSingle agent: {{c1::Aspirin 75-325mg OD}}Double therapy for {{c2::minor ischemic stroke and high…
Published	11/05/2023	Reversal agent for Dabigatran
Published	11/05/2023	Acute Management of Stroke: HypertensionDo not treat if SBP {{c1::<220}} or DBP {{c1::<120}}Recommended therapy:{{c2::IV Labetalol 10-…
Published	11/05/2023	Acute Management of Stroke: Raised ICP{{c1::Hyperventilate}}IV {{c1::Mannitol}}Hydrocephalus: drainage of CSF via {{c2::intraventricular catheter…
Published	11/05/2023	DVT prophylaxis in acute stroke:Preferred: {{c1::intermittent pneumatic compression}}AVOID {{c2::compression stockings and unfractioned hepa…
Published	11/05/2023	Eligibility of IV ThrombolysisWithin {{c1::4.5 hrs of presentation or last known/seen to be well}}For stroke of unknow onset & not eligible f…
Published	11/05/2023	Absolute CI of IV Thrombolysis in Ischaemic Stroke Pre-treatment SBP {{c1::>185}} or DBP {{c1::>110}} Blood glucose {{c1::<2.7 mmol/L}} Curre…
Published	11/05/2023	Stroke: Regimen for intravenous thrombolysis{{c1::IV Alteplase 0.9mg/kg}}10% given as bolus90% infuse over 1 hour{{c1::IV Tenecteplase 0.25mg/kg}}
Published	11/05/2023	Stroke: Criteria for CTA
Published	11/05/2023	Stroke: Endovascular thrombectomyFor {{c1::LVO include ICA and M1 MCA occlusion}}Offer up to {{c1::24 hrs}}
Published	11/05/2023	Stroke: Care post-thrombolysisBP: keep {{c1::<185/110}}Monitor BP every {{c1::15 min for 2 hrs, then every 30 min for 6 hrs, then every 1…
Published	11/05/2023	Parkinson's diseaseDiagnosis based on {{c1::history and PE}}Due to lack of {{c2::neurotransmitter dopamine}}
Published	11/05/2023	Parkinson's disease: Motor symptomsPattern: {{c1::asymmetric}}TRAP:{{c2::rest Tremor}}{{c2::muscle Rigidity}}{{c2::brAdykinesia}}{{c2::Postural i…
Published	11/05/2023	Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Published	11/05/2023	Severity of Parkinson's disease
Published	11/05/2023	Gait signs in Parkinson's disease
Published	11/05/2023	Signs of Parkinson's disease in face
Published	11/05/2023	Why should you differentiate Parkinson plus from Parkinson's disease?
Published	11/05/2023	Essential tremorPattern: {{c1::symmetric}}Improve with {{c2::alcohol}}Positive family hx
Published	11/05/2023	PPS: Multiple system atrophyTypes: {{c1::MSA-P or MSA-C}}Autonomic: {{c1::urinary incontinence, orthostatic hypotension}}MRI:{{c2::cerebella…
Published	11/05/2023	PPS: Progressive supranuclear palsyEyes: {{c1::vertical gaze deficits}}Early feature: {{c2::fall}}Axial (neck) > limb rigidityMRI:{{c2::m…
Published	11/05/2023	PD: Side effects of pharmacological management L-dopaDopamine agonistsMAO-B inhibitorDopaminergic SE: nausea, postural hypotension, daytime sleep…
Published	11/05/2023	Drugs induced parkinsonism
Published	11/05/2023	Multiple sclerosis:= {{c1::Inflammatory plaques of demyelination in CNS disseminated in space and time}}occuring at {{c2::multiples sites}}{…
Published	11/05/2023	Devic’s syndrome/Neuromyelitis optica= {{c1::MS variant with transverse myelitis + optic atrophy}}Antibodies: {{c2::Anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies}}
Published	11/05/2023	Lhermitte’s sign= {{c1::Neck flexion causes electric shocks in trunk/limb}}Positive in {{c1::MS, cervical spondylosis, cord tumors and ⬇️B12}}
Published	11/05/2023	Uhthoff’s phenomenon= {{c1::Worsening of symptoms with heat}}
Published	11/05/2023	MS: Disseminated in space by MRI include
Published	11/05/2023	Multiple sclerosis: Diagnosis
Published	11/05/2023	Status epilepticus t1t2Tonic-clonic{{c1::5 min}}{{c1::30 min}}Focal with impaired consciousness{{c2::10 min}}{{c2::>60 min}}Absence{{c3::10-15…
Published	11/05/2023	Status epilepticus: Pre-hospital medication
Published	11/05/2023	Status epilepticus: First line {{c1::BDZ}}{{c2::IV Diazepam 0.15mg/kg}}repeat once after 10-20 min if seizures continue
Published	11/05/2023	Status epilepticus: Second line {{c1::Phenytoin}}{{c2::Phenytoin 15-18mg/kg at infusion rate ≤50mg/min}}Monitor {{c3::ECG and BP}}
Published	11/05/2023	Refractory status epilepticus= On-going seizures following {{c1::first and second line drug therapy}}Tx: {{c2::anesthetic agents}}{{c3::IV Midazo…
Published	11/05/2023	Super-refractory Status Epilepticus
Published	11/05/2023	Etiology of meningitis:Bacteria{{c1::Strep pneumoniae}}{{c1::Neisseria meningitidis}}{{c1::Hemophilus influenza}}Listeria monocytogenesStaph au…
Published	11/05/2023	Meningitis: Diagnose by {{c1::CSF examination}} and {{c1::neuroimaging}}
Published	11/05/2023	Diagnosis of Meningitis:CSFCT Brain: to avoid {{c1::cerebral herniation}}{{c2::Previous CNS infection}}{{c2::Severe immunocompromised or >60y/…
Published	11/05/2023	Meningitis: What to measure in CSF?{{c1::Opening pressure}}Upper limit: 20cm H₂O (non-obese) 25cm H₂O (obese){{c1::Cell counts}}{{c1::Protein & g…
Published	11/05/2023	Abnormal CSF findings: NormalBacterialViralTB & fungiEncephalitisCells/mm³0-55-100,0005-2,0005-1,0005-2,000Cell TypeMononuclear cells{{c1::PM…
Published	11/05/2023	Meningitis: MRIFinding: {{c1::meningeal enhancement}}
Published	11/05/2023	Management of Meningitis:Empirical antibiotics: {{c1::IV Ceftriaxone 2g BD for 10-14 days}}Systemic steroidsIndication: {{c2::suspected/proven S.…
Published	11/05/2023	Dengue: Arthropod borne viral disease{{c1::Flavivirus::group}}{{c1::Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus ::Arthropod}}
Published	11/05/2023	Dengue warning signs (8)
Status	Last Update	Fields