Notes in PHY::PHYSIO B4 (B-2029)

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Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the difference between peristalsis contractions and segmentation contractions?a. Peristalsis only occurs in esophagus, while segment…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following accurately describes a scenario involving regional reflexes?a. Distension of the stomach triggers a reflex through th…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Factors that push slow waves toward hyperpolarization area. stretch, acetylcholine, and parasympatheticsb. norepinephrine and sympatheticsc.…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The strongest layer of the esophagus is the serosa. Submucosa is absent in the esophagusa. Statement 1 is trueb. Statement 2 is truec. Both …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)? a. Coordination of peristalti…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Major functions of the gastrointestinal system include motor-motility, secretion of certain enzymes, digestion, and absorption. Minor functi…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The muscularis propria of the stomach is composed of:a. Inner circular layerb. Middle oblique layerc. Outer longitudinal layerd. All of the …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the functions of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the enteric nervous system?a…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following factors primarily stimulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK)?a. The presence of acid in the duodenumb. The prese…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following conditions is most likely to stimulate the release of secretin?a. The presence of carbohydrates in the stomachb. The …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following sphincters of the GI tract is involved in acid reflux?a. Lower Esophageal Sphincterb. Pyloric Sphincterc. Ileocecal V…
Published	01/29/2025	question: This stage of swallowing is marked by involuntary contractions and inhibition of respiration with glottic closure.a. Cephalic stageb. Pharyn…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following structures of the GIT is unique in that it exhibits no BER?a. Esophagusb. Stomachc. Duodenumd. Colon (sigmoid)
Published	01/29/2025	question: Damage to this nerve disables the receptive relaxation stage of gastric motility due to loss of control of the LES.a. Glossopharyngeal nerve…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the effect of VIP on the LES?a. Contractionb. Relaxationc. Varies depending on the effector nerved. None of the above
Published	01/29/2025	question: What are the three primary stimuli for gastric acid secretion?a. Gastrin, Secretin, Acetylcholineb. Gastrin, Histamine, Acetylcholinec. Hist…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which hormone initiates the Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) during fasting?a. Gastrinb. Motilinc. Secretind. Cholecystokinin
Published	01/29/2025	question: What role does the pylorus play in gastric emptying?a. Prevents regurgitation into the duodenumb. Regulates the release of gastric acidc. St…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the primary function of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells?a. Hydrolysis of proteinsb. Vitamin B12 absorptionc. Neutralizin…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What distinguishes Histamine H1 receptors from H2 receptors?a. H1 is involved in gastric acid secretion, and H2 in allergic reactions.b. H2 …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which exchanger on the luminal side of colon epithelial cells helps neutralize acidic end products by transporting bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) into …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which mechanism primarily facilitates sodium entry from the intestinal lumen into colon epithelial cells, aiding in water reabsorption and s…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following correctly describes the role of colonic contractions in intestinal motility?a. Segmentation in the colon primarily pr…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following scenarios would likely compromise the effectiveness of Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)?a. Impairment of the Na+/K+ ATP…
Published	01/29/2025	question: In infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause of colonic contractions in this situation is?a. Histamineb. Increased circulating lev…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following does NOT occur during straining?a. Contraction of the abdominal musclesb. Decreased anorectal anglec. Contraction of …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Increased ATP conversion to cyclic AMP induces secretion, which includes K+. Increased Enkephalin concentrations also induce increased secre…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The inhibition of the α subunit of Gs causes the inactivation of the G protein. The inactivation of the G protein causes the continued conve…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which factor plays the biggest role in triggering mass action contractions in the colon?A. Presence of fiber in the dietB. Entry of food int…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following changes occurs during defecation?a. The internal anal sphincter is relaxedb. External anal sphincter is contractedc. …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which muscle in the GIT is responsible for the segmentation of chyme?a. Longitudinal smooth muscleb. Circular smooth muscle c. Mucosal muscl…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which gastrointestinal (GIT) reflex is responsible for inhibiting gastric motility and secretion in response to increased chyme in the duode…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which GIT reflex is responsible for triggering mass movements in the colon after food enters the stomach?a. Enterogastric reflexb. Gastrocol…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following best describes peristaltic rush:a. Weak and slow contractions of the small intestine b. Continuous and consistent con…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What triggers the initiation of segmentation contractions?a. The presence of acidic chyme entering the duodenum. b. The presence of undigest…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following best describes the appearance of the small intestine during segmentation contractions?a. A series of dilated and cons…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the Crypts of Lieberkühn?a. They are located between intestinal villi and are covere…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following is NOT a correct characteristic of intestinal secretions produced by enterocytes in the small intestine?a. They are s…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following enzymes is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose in the mouth?a. Pancreatic Amylaseb. Lactasec. Salivary …
Published	01/29/2025	question: How are most amino acids transported into enterocytes during protein absorption?a. By passive diffusion across the membraneb. Using sodium-g…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which blood vessel carries nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for processing?A. Hepatic arteryB. Portal veinC.…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following components does NOT directly enter the portal vein from the gastrointestinal tract?A. CarbohydratesB. ProteinsC. Smal…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?A. Producing bileB. Phagocytizing bacteria and foreign particlesC. Converting exc…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What clinical condition results when blood flow through the portal vein is obstructed, leading to increased pressure in the portal circulati…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the likely consequence of ruptured esophageal varices due to portal hypertension?A. AscitesB. HemoptysisC. SepticemiaD. Hemorrhoids
Published	01/29/2025	question: In cases of liver cirrhosis, why does portal hypertension lead to ascites?A. Blockage of the bile ductsB. Increased capillary pressure in th…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with the development of liver cirrhosis?A. AlcoholismB. Chronic hepatitis B or …
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the primary organ monitored for metastasis in cases of colon or stomach cancer?A. LungsB. LiverC. PancreasD. Brain
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which statement about the Spaces of Disse is INCORRECT?A. They are located between endothelial cells and hepatic cells.B. They facilitate th…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What happens to glucose in the liver after it is absorbed from the portal vein?A. It is directly converted into proteins.B. It is used immed…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The liver secretes 600–1000 mL of bile per day. Bile salts emulsify large fat particles into smaller ones for digestion.a. Both statements a…
Published	01/29/2025	question: How are large fatty acids absorbed and transported in the body?a. Directly through the bloodstream via the portal veinb. Through the intesti…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Bile contains cholesterol, bile salts, and bilirubin, which are crucial for digestion and waste excretion. Bile salts aid in fat emulsificat…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which vitamin is NOT stored in the liver?a. Vitamin Ab. Vitamin Dc. Vitamin B12d. Vitamin C
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following is a common cause of gallstone formation?a. Low bile acid concentrationb. High pancreatic enzyme activityc. Excess bi…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Gallstone pain is usually localized in the left lower abdomen. Gallstone pain can radiate to the right shoulder or back.a. Both statements a…
Published	01/29/2025	question: A 45-year-old patient presents with complaints of severe right upper quadrant pain radiating to the shoulder, especially after eating fatty …
Published	01/29/2025	question: A 35-year-old patient is fasting for 24 hours. Which liver process is most critical for maintaining blood glucose levels during this period?…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which hormone primarily stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acidic stomach chymea. Acetylchol…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The secretion of pancreatic juice is controlled by which of the following mechanisms …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following pairs are correct?a. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: Thyroxine from TSHb. Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis: Co…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following characteristics applies to intracellular hormone receptors?a. They bind hormones at the cell membrane.b. They act as …
Published	01/29/2025	question: In primary hypothyroidism, which of the following hormone patterns would you expect?a. Low TSH, low T3, and low T4.b. High TSH, high T3, and…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which hormone is responsible for regulating plasma osmolality via water reabsorption in the kidneys?a. Insulinb. Aldosteronec. Vasopressind.…
Published	01/29/2025	question: When we are awake, there is increased cortisol and decreased growth hormone concentrations. When we are asleep, there is decreased cortisol …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following amino acid-derived hormones do not bind to cell membrane receptors but bind to nuclear receptors instead?a. Norepinep…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Describes the type of hormone action where the hormone produces a biological effect on the same cell that released it.a. Endocrineb. Exocrin…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the relationship between the half-life of a hormone and its metabolic clearance rate?a. They are directly relatedb. They are inverse…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Hormones undergo two phases of reactions in the pancreas prior to excretion via urine or feces. Phase II involves conjugation which introduc…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Graves’ disease is characterized by hormonal excess of the thyroid hormones. Which of the following receptors is in constant stimulation in …
Published	01/29/2025	question: A 34-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes is admitted for DKA. During insulin therapy, his serum potassium leve…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following is an intermediate effect of insulin and directly supports its anabolic role?a. Increased glucose uptake by GLUT-4 tr…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the primary function of SGLT1 in glucose transport?a. Reabsorption of glucose in the kidneysb. Transport of glucose from the intesti…
Published	01/29/2025	question: How do SGLT2 inhibitors help manage type 2 diabetes?a. By increasing insulin productionb. By enhancing glucose absorption in the intestinesc…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following does not occur as a post-receptor event upon binding of insulin to an insulin receptor?a. Autophosphorylation of β su…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Insulin sensitive tissues are composed of muscle and adipose tissues. Insulin combats the fat catabolism that produces β-keto acidsa. Both …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following statements regarding insulin receptors is not true? a. Tyrosine kinase, found on the ɑ-subunits of insulin receptors,…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Insulin provides a temporary relief of Hypokalemia in patients with renal failure. The risk of Hypokalemia in patients with diabetic acidosi…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following are incorrectly paired?a. B cells: insulinb. D cells: somatostatinc. A cells: glucagond. F cells: gastrin
Published	01/29/2025	question: Insulin is synthesised from a larger molecule called preprohormone. Mature insulin crosses the (1) basal lamina of the A cell and (2) a neig…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following correctly matches a pancreatic endocrine hormone with its primary function?a. Insulin - Stimulates glucose production…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the primary effect of insulin on its target tissues?a. In muscle, it enhances glucose uptake and glycogenesis.b. In adipose tissue, …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Match the glucose transporter or sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) to its correct function and location:i. GLUT-4, iii. SGLT-2ii. SGLT-1, …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following best describes the underlying cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?a. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells le…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is a primary characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?a. Complete absence of insulin production by the pancreas.b. Genetic mutation l…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which glucose transporter (GLUT) acts as a glucose sensor in pancreatic β-cells and also facilitates glucose transport out of intestinal and…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following best describes the primary function of insulin?a. Inhibits glucose uptake in muscles and adipose tissueb. Stimulates …
Published	01/29/2025	question: What is the major effect of insulin on potassium (K⁺) metabolism?a. Increases extracellular potassium concentrationb. Promotes potassium upt…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following mechanisms best describes how glucose stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells?a. Glucose binds to insulin …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down insulin after it has exerted its effects?a. Hexokinaseb. Phosphofructokinasec. Insulinased. Gl…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Thyroid activity is primarily regulated by which of the following hormones?a. Iodine levels b. Thyroxinec. TSHd. T3 and T3
Published	01/29/2025	question: Iodide is the reduced form of iodine. Iodide is reduced into iodine during the synthesis of the thyroid hormones.a. Only statement 1 is corr…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The receptors of thyroid hormones are found in which of the following membranes of the cell?a. Plasma membraneb. Nuclear membranec. Mitochon…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are both autoimmune diseases of the thyroid. What differentiates these two diseases?a. Graves’ d…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following cells of the bone are most actively performing osteolysis during the first 1-3 hours of detection of low calcium seru…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following are the effects of PTH on the acid-base homeostasis of the body?a. PTH inhibits bicarbonate resorption which ultimate…
Published	01/29/2025	question: A well-built athlete (has a visible 6-pack) who is also a science enthusiast walks up to you, and asks how thyroid hormones increase metabol…
Published	01/29/2025	question: A patient comes to you with complaints of difficulty sleeping, and feeling irritable to the point that they snap at you in the clinic, in fr…
Published	01/29/2025	question: In bones, thyroid hormone promotes growth in diameter. Bone formation is facilitated by stimulating chondrocytes to undergo proliferation, h…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following results from increased lipolysis caused by hyperthyroidism?a. Increased fat storageb. Increased hair growthc. Decreas…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The adrenal glands are star-shaped glands found on the superior poles of the kidneys. Each gland comprises two major regions.a. Both stateme…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following is true about the adrenal medulla.a. It secretes more NE than Epi.b. It is functionally related to the parasympatheti…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following correctly matches the hormone secreted by the respective layer of the adrenal cortex?a. Zona Fasciculata - Mineraloco…
Published	01/29/2025	question: The Zona Glomerulosa secretes cortisol and is regulated primarily by ACTH. The Zona Fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, …
Published	01/29/2025	question: What happens if the mineralocorticoid pathway is blocked below the level of deoxycorticosterone?a. No mineralocorticoid activity is possible…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following part of kidney receives action from aldosteronea. Proximal tubuleb. Distal tubulec. Ascending loop of Henled. Descend…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following is a result of Aldosterone Deficiencya. Metabolic Alkalosisb. High Arterial Pressurec. Severe Muscle Weaknessd. Card…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following statements about glucocorticoids is TRUE?a. Dexamethasone is less potent than cortisol but has strong mineralocortico…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Aldosterone secretion is primarily regulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Aldosterone helps conserve body salt by acting on sweat gl…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Arrange the following steps in adrenocorticosteroid synthesis: (1) cholesterol from LDL in plasma diffuses into interstitial fluid; (2) chol…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following nucleus in the anterior nuclear group is matched correctly with its associated output signals?a. Paraventricular nucl…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following correctly describes the embryonic origins and cellular composition of the anterior and posterior pituitary?a. The ant…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following abnormalities is characterized by an overproduction of Growth Hormone that can be due to a tumor in the Anterior Pit…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which hormone stimulates the production of glucocorticoids and androgens by the adrenal cortex? a. GHb. LHc. ACTHd. FSH
Published	01/29/2025	question: A 45-year-old patient presents with persistent hypertension and tachycardia. Cardiac and renal evaluations, as well as imaging of the periph…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Due to its abundant blood supply, infarction of the hypothalamus is common. As for its nerve supply, it receives its innervation from the ey…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following hormones inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?a. GHRHb. CRHc. Somatostatind. GnRH
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which statement best describes the relationship between vasopressin and water reabsorption?a. ADH reduces the permeability of collecting duc…
Published	01/29/2025	question: What effect is associated with stimulation of the dorsomedial nucleus?a. Decreased heart rateb. Increased heart ratec. Increased gastrointes…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following best exemplifies a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus?a. Increased TRH secretion due to low thyroxine …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which structure is part of the photo-neuroendocrine system and plays a role in circadian rhythms?a. Adrenal Cortexb. Pineal Glandc. Parathyr…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following mechanisms primarily regulates melatonin secretion by the pineal gland?a. Direct activation by the paraventricular nu…
Published	01/29/2025	question: How does melatonin influence the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mammals?a. It enhances the secretion of orexin to promote wakefulness.b. I…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Thymosin β4 plays a crucial role in which of the following cellular processes?a. Increasing oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondriab. Sequ…
Published	01/29/2025	question: A mutation affecting the leptin receptor (LEP-R) in the arcuate nucleus would most likely result in which physiological effect?a. Decreased …
Published	01/29/2025	question: Adiponectin is often referred to as a “guardian angel adipocytokine.” What is its primary function?a. Inhibition of insulin signaling in adi…
Published	01/29/2025	question: In obesity, leptin resistance primarily leads to which of the following metabolic consequences?a. Dysregulation of appetite control and pers…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which of the following hormones is released from adipose tissue and directly inhibits neuropeptide Y (NPY) synthesis in the arcuate nucleus?…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Which statement best describes the role of the hypothalamic melanocortin system in appetite regulation?a. Activation of AgRP neurons leads t…
Published	01/29/2025	question: Why is the secretion of melatonin influenced by retinal photoreceptors?a. Retinal photoreceptors detect environmental light and signal the S…
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