Notes in Week 2

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Published	10/05/2023	00c73209606749a389e6706405fa72c6-oa-1
Published	10/03/2023	00c73209606749a389e6706405fa72c6-oa-2
Published	10/02/2023	00c73209606749a389e6706405fa72c6-oa-3
Published	10/02/2023	00c73209606749a389e6706405fa72c6-oa-4
Published	10/02/2023	269e53bab2a14b498a39f75e398e05c5-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	269e53bab2a14b498a39f75e398e05c5-ao-2
Published	10/03/2023	269e53bab2a14b498a39f75e398e05c5-ao-3
Published	10/03/2023	269e53bab2a14b498a39f75e398e05c5-ao-4
Published	10/03/2023	269e53bab2a14b498a39f75e398e05c5-ao-5
Published	10/02/2023	269e53bab2a14b498a39f75e398e05c5-ao-6
Published	10/02/2023	c0180dbba22048f3a648967481b61bc1-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	c0180dbba22048f3a648967481b61bc1-ao-2
Published	10/03/2023	c0180dbba22048f3a648967481b61bc1-ao-3
Published	10/02/2023	0771dec6d0b843009efb5481902382bb-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	0771dec6d0b843009efb5481902382bb-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	df8a7f305a42403cbf702f1990905c67-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	df8a7f305a42403cbf702f1990905c67-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	ad40952845e14c57b94359f6543250e1-ao-1
Published	10/03/2023	ad40952845e14c57b94359f6543250e1-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	ad40952845e14c57b94359f6543250e1-ao-3
Published	10/02/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-1
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Published	10/03/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-4
Published	10/02/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-5
Published	10/03/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-6
Published	10/02/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-7
Published	10/02/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-8
Published	10/02/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-9
Published	10/02/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-10
Published	10/02/2023	8b453479db7b4ee5a7fbc9a191da09de-ao-11
Published	10/02/2023	38050c75e7d54b4485e7804dd3ce8bba-oa-1
Published	10/02/2023	38050c75e7d54b4485e7804dd3ce8bba-oa-2
Published	10/02/2023	38050c75e7d54b4485e7804dd3ce8bba-oa-3
Published	10/02/2023	d31992923b964f2ca02ea1a6cacb64a8-oa-1
Published	10/03/2023	d31992923b964f2ca02ea1a6cacb64a8-oa-2
Published	10/02/2023	ace9f19310e549ae94e52c087d6d6deb-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	ace9f19310e549ae94e52c087d6d6deb-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	ace9f19310e549ae94e52c087d6d6deb-ao-3
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-3
Published	10/03/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-4
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-5
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-6
Published	10/03/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-7
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-8
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-9
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-10
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-11
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-12
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-13
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-14
Published	10/02/2023	67e49f1ec79f4f9ba264a14127a61e34-ao-15
Published	10/02/2023	7f3b1a2a4fcc46a4a79bd5a1b47352c8-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	7f3b1a2a4fcc46a4a79bd5a1b47352c8-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	7f3b1a2a4fcc46a4a79bd5a1b47352c8-ao-3
Published	10/03/2023	7f3b1a2a4fcc46a4a79bd5a1b47352c8-ao-4
Published	10/02/2023	7f3b1a2a4fcc46a4a79bd5a1b47352c8-ao-5
Published	10/02/2023	7f3b1a2a4fcc46a4a79bd5a1b47352c8-ao-6
Published	10/02/2023	52a0ccbda3d14d888cf264a5ad393798-oa-1
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Published	10/02/2023	032d4f2cbb0141cd9c0f52b03b832936-ao-1
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Published	10/02/2023	d9c3802bde7947c8a7cb4d68bc8b0d83-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	d9c3802bde7947c8a7cb4d68bc8b0d83-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	d9c3802bde7947c8a7cb4d68bc8b0d83-ao-3
Published	10/02/2023	d9c3802bde7947c8a7cb4d68bc8b0d83-ao-4
Published	10/03/2023	d9c3802bde7947c8a7cb4d68bc8b0d83-ao-5
Published	10/02/2023	d9c3802bde7947c8a7cb4d68bc8b0d83-ao-6
Published	10/05/2023	2ccbb9e587a34717a8f3a14d38470087-ao-1
Published	10/02/2023	2ccbb9e587a34717a8f3a14d38470087-ao-2
Published	10/02/2023	2ccbb9e587a34717a8f3a14d38470087-ao-3
Published	10/02/2023	2ccbb9e587a34717a8f3a14d38470087-ao-4
Published	10/02/2023	2ccbb9e587a34717a8f3a14d38470087-ao-5
Published	10/02/2023	2ccbb9e587a34717a8f3a14d38470087-ao-6
Published	10/03/2023	84d2fdd2c7ab44998d465644ddc9d5c7-ao-1
Published	10/03/2023	84d2fdd2c7ab44998d465644ddc9d5c7-ao-2
Published	10/03/2023	84d2fdd2c7ab44998d465644ddc9d5c7-ao-3
Published	10/03/2023	84d2fdd2c7ab44998d465644ddc9d5c7-ao-4
Published	10/03/2023	84d2fdd2c7ab44998d465644ddc9d5c7-ao-5
Published	10/03/2023	84d2fdd2c7ab44998d465644ddc9d5c7-ao-6
Published	10/03/2023	45cfdf5ea98d4633b26ea6530b35ac40-ao-1
Published	10/03/2023	45cfdf5ea98d4633b26ea6530b35ac40-ao-2
Published	10/03/2023	45cfdf5ea98d4633b26ea6530b35ac40-ao-3
Published	10/03/2023	45cfdf5ea98d4633b26ea6530b35ac40-ao-4
Published	10/03/2023	a991dcfdaa544aa08bae759f7fc3e6a8-ao-1
Published	10/03/2023	a991dcfdaa544aa08bae759f7fc3e6a8-ao-2
Published	10/03/2023	a991dcfdaa544aa08bae759f7fc3e6a8-ao-3
Published	10/03/2023	a991dcfdaa544aa08bae759f7fc3e6a8-ao-4
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Parathyroid}} hormone is released in individuals with end-stage renal disease because of the impaired ability to regulate {{c2::calcium}} and&nb…
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)}} is caused by a mutation in the {{c2::PKHD1}} gene, affecting production of {{c3::fibrocy…
Published	10/03/2023	In ARPKD, cysts develop in the {{c1::collecting duct}} of the kidneys
Published	10/03/2023	ARPKD can affect the liver by causing congenital hepatic {{c1::fibrosis}}, leading to {{c2::portal hypertension}}
Published	10/03/2023	ARPKD occurs during {{c1::early childhood}}, while ADPKD occurs in {{c2::adulthood}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)}} is cause by a mutation in the {{c2::PKD1}} or {{c2::PKD2}} gene, affecting productio…
Published	10/03/2023	Medullary sponge kidney is usually found in {{c1::adulthood}} because it is normally {{c2::asymptomatic}}
Published	10/03/2023	Medullary sponge kidney results in cysts in the {{c1::collecting duct}}
Published	10/03/2023	Are multicystic dysplastic kidneys inheritable? {{c1::NO}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c2::Multicystic dysplastic kidney}} is caused by failure of {{c1::differentiation}} of the metanephric blastema/mesoderm
Published	10/03/2023	{{c2::Horshoe kidneys}} is when kidneys {{c1::fuse}} during fetal development
Published	10/03/2023	Horshoe kidneys get trapped under the {{c1::inferior mesenteric}} artery, leading to them being located {{c2::lower}} than normal
Published	10/03/2023	The circled structures indicate the {{c1::glomeruli/renal corpuscles}}
Published	10/03/2023	AKI is defined by:Increase in serum {{c3::creatinine}} by {{c1::0.3}} mg/dL in 48 hoursIncrease in serum {{c3::creatinine}} by more than {{c…
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Prerenal}} AKI is the most common cause of AKI (30-50% of cases)
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Prerenal}} AKI is provoked by inadequate {{c2::glomerular}} perfusion, which leads to a decrease in intraglomerular {{c3::hydrostatic …
Published	10/03/2023	The kidney attempts to maintain hydrostatic pressure through:{{c1::Prostaglandins}} that lead to {{c2::afferent}} arteriole dilation{{c1::Angiotensin …
Published	10/03/2023	Avoid {{c1::NSAIDS}}, {{c1::ACE inhibitors}}, and {{c1::ARBs}} (medications) in patients with AKI
Published	10/03/2023	Renal vein thrombosis is usually due to a {{c1::hypercoagulable}} state, like {{c2::nephrotic syndrome}}. Treatment will generally be {…
Published	10/03/2023	Acute atheroembolic disease usually occurs following a {{c1::cardiac procedure}} like {{c2::cardiac catheterization}}. Risk factors include {{c3:…
Published	10/03/2023	Pre-renal and post-renal AKI typically recovers {{c1::fully}}
Published	10/03/2023	Prolonged pre-renal state increases {{c1::osmolality}} of the medulla, increasing {{c2::tubule}} transport and {{c3::ATP}} utilization
Published	10/03/2023	Prolonged pre-renal state increases cellular concentrations of {{c1::renal toxins}}, increasing risk of {{c2::tubule}} damage
Published	10/03/2023	Normal urine output (UOP) is {{c1::800}}-{{c1::2000}} mL/day
Published	10/03/2023	Polyuria: >{{c1::3}}L/day
Published	10/03/2023	Oliguria: <{{c1::500}}mL/day
Published	10/03/2023	Anuria: <{{c1::50}}mL/day
Published	10/03/2023	A high {{c1::BUN:Serum Creatinine}} ratio ({{c2::20:1}}) is suggestive of a {{c3::prerenal}} state due to higher reabsorption of {{c4::…
Published	10/03/2023	Glucosuria in the absence of hyperglcemia indicates {{c1::PCT}} dysfunction
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Radionuclide imaging::Imaging type}} is useful to determine {{c2::differential}} renal function and evaluate for {{c3::obstruction}}
Published	10/03/2023	There is a/an {{c1::inverse}} relationship between creatinine and GFR. At {{c2::lower}} levels of creatinine, a small rise in creatinine indicate…
Published	10/03/2023	Urine {{c1::specific gravity}} is a marker of urinary concentration and {{c2::ADH}} activity
Published	10/03/2023	Urinary {{c1::crystals}} indicate {{c2::toxin}} tubular injury
Published	10/03/2023	{{c2::Muddy brown}} casts indicate {{c1::acute tubular necrosis (ATN)}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::RBC}} casts indicate {{c2::glomerulonephritis}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::WBC}} casts indicate {{c2::interstitial disease}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Low}} urine sodium and {{c1::high}} urine potassium indicates high {{c2::aldosterone}} state
Published	10/03/2023	The {{c1::vasa recta}} are the peritubular capillaries of the {{c2::juxtamedullary}} nephrons
Published	10/03/2023	The {{c2::inner}} surface of the tubules is the {{c1::luminal}} or {{c1::apical}} end
Published	10/03/2023	The {{c2::outer}} surface of the tubules is the {{c1::peritubular}} or {{c1::basolateral}} end
Published	10/03/2023	There is reduced production of {{c1::erythropoietin}} in those with ESRD which leads to {{c2::anemia}}
Published	10/03/2023	Indications of kidney transplant:{{c1::ESRD (dialysis dependent)}}GFR<{{c2::20}}mL/min/1.73m^2
Published	10/03/2023	The major barriers to kidney transplantation are:{{c1::ABO blood groups}}{{c2::HLA (human leukocyte antigen) molecules}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::HLAs}} are encoded by {{c2::MHC}} genes and flags molecules to determine if an antigen is an invader
Published	10/03/2023	We have {{c1::6}} HLA antigens (pairs of {{c2::HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR}})
Published	10/03/2023	A {{c1::negative}} crossmatch is desired for transplantation
Published	10/03/2023	{{c2::Nephritic}} diseases primarily affect filtration of {{c1::blood}}, while {{c2::nephrotic}} diseases primarily affect filtration of {{c1::pr…
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::CT scans}} in kidney imaging is useful to identify stones
Published	10/03/2023	This histology slide is indicative of {{c1::renal amyloidosis}}You should use a {{c2::congo red}} stain to help narrow the differential
Published	10/03/2023	This histology slide is indicative of {{c1::post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis}}
Published	10/03/2023	This histology slide is indicative of {{c1::membranous nephropathy}}You should do a {{c2::silver stain}} to help narrow the differential
Published	10/05/2023	Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at high risk of developing which complication?{{c1::renal vein thrombosis::think fibrinogen}}
Published	10/03/2023	This histology slide is indicative of {{c1::minimal change disease}}
Published	10/03/2023	Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at high risk of developing which complication?{{c1::bacterial peritonitis::think immunoglobin}}
Published	10/03/2023	This histology slide is indicative of {{c1::IgA nephropathy}}
Published	10/03/2023	This histological slide is indicative of {{c1::diabetic nephropathy}}
Published	10/03/2023	This histological slide is indicative of {{c1::focal segmental glomerulosclerosis}}
Published	10/05/2023	This histological slide is indicative of {{c1::membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis}}
Published	10/05/2023	This histological slide is indicative of {{c1::rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis}}
Published	10/05/2023	What genetic kidney disease is characterized by kidney disease, loss of hearing, and eye abnormalities?{{c1::Alport syndrome}}
Published	10/05/2023	This histological slide is indicative of {{c1::acute tubulointerstitial nephritis}}
Published	10/05/2023	8a5d5fc9fda04c879d07c16928654e26-ao-1
Published	10/05/2023	8a5d5fc9fda04c879d07c16928654e26-ao-2
Published	10/05/2023	8a5d5fc9fda04c879d07c16928654e26-ao-3
Published	10/05/2023	8a5d5fc9fda04c879d07c16928654e26-ao-4
Published	10/05/2023	Answer: {{c1::interstitial scarring}} and {{c1::tubular atrophy}}
Published	10/05/2023	This histological slide is indicate of {{c1::chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis}}
Published	10/05/2023	This renal ultrasound is indicative of what type of disease? {{c1::Chronic::Acute or Chronic}}
Published	10/05/2023	In {{c1::reflux nephropathy}}, an incompetent {{c2::ureterovesical valve}} causes the {{c3::backflow}} of urine and leads to interstitial {{c4::scarri…
Published	10/05/2023	This histological slide is indicative of {{c1::reflux nephropathy}}
Published	10/05/2023	{{c1::C}}
Published	10/05/2023	db90c59375b5494184b36f23cc9f4f38-ao-1
Published	10/05/2023	db90c59375b5494184b36f23cc9f4f38-ao-2
Published	10/05/2023	db90c59375b5494184b36f23cc9f4f38-ao-3
Published	10/05/2023	{{c1::Fanconi's syndrome}} is the term used to describe a {{c2::global dysregulation}} of the PCT
Published	10/05/2023	What condition is characterized by an overactive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the cortical collecting ducts?{{c1::Liddle syndrome}}
Published	10/05/2023	The features of Liddle Syndrome include:{{c1::Hypo}}kalemiaMetabolic {{c2::Alkalosis}}{{c3::Hyper}}tension{{c4::Suppressed}} aldosterone levels
Status	Last Update	Fields