Notes in Sketchy

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/28/2025	Class I antiarrhythmics exert their actions by blocking {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published	02/28/2025	Class I antiarrhythmics {{c3::decrease}} the {{c2::slope}} of phase {{c1::0 (upstroke)}} of the myocardial action potential
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class I antiarrhythmics have on conduction velocity of the myocardial action potential?{{c1::Decreased CV}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class I antiarrhythmics bind to Na+ channels in their {{c1::open}} or {{c1::inactivated}} state
Published	02/28/2025	Na+ channels in rapidly depolarizing tissue (e.g., tachycardia) spend the most time in {{c1::open}} or {{c1::inactivated}} states
Published	02/28/2025	Class I antiarrhythmics have {{c1::use dependence}} and thus selectively depress tissue that is frequently depolarized
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class I antiarrhythmics have on the action potentials of the SA and AV nodes?{{c1::No effect (only affects Na+-dependent action potenti…
Published	02/28/2025	Class I antiarrhythmics {{c1::widen}} the QRS complex on ECG
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class does quinidine belong to?{{c1::Class IA antiarrhythmics}}
Published	02/28/2025	Toxic doses of {{c4::quinidine}}, an antiarrhythmic drug, may cause {{c1::cinchonism}}, which is a syndrome of {{c2::tinnitus, headache, and dizziness…
Published	02/28/2025	{{c2::Quinidine}} is an antiarrhythmic that may rarely cause immunologic reactions, resulting in {{c1::thrombocytopenia}}
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class does procainamide belong to?{{c1::Class IA antiarrhythmics}}
Published	02/28/2025	Use of {{c2::procainamide}}, a class IA antiarrhythmic, can lead to reversible {{c1::drug-induced lupus}} (e.g., arthralgia, rash) as an adv…
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class does disopyramide belong to?{{c1::Class IA antiarrhythmics}}
Published	02/28/2025	One adverse effect associated with disopyramide is exacerbation of {{c1::heart failure}}, due to its negative inotropic effects
Published	02/28/2025	Class I{{c3::A}} antiarrhythmics can cause {{c1::QT interval}} prolongation which precipitates {{c1::torsades de pointes}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class IA antiarrhythmics have a(n) {{c1::intermediate}} binding affinity for the Na+ channel
Published	02/28/2025	In addition to Na+ channels, class IA antiarrhythmics also block {{c1::K+}} channels
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class IA antiarrhythmics have on action potential duration?{{c1::Increased duration}}
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class IA antiarrhythmics have on the effective refractory period in the ventricular tissue?{{c1::Increased ERP}}
Published	03/01/2025	Are class IA antiarrhythmics used to treat supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias?{{c1::Both}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class I{{c1::A}} antiarrhythmics may be used to treat Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, a type of SVT
Published	02/28/2025	What antiarrhythmic class does lidocaine belong to?{{c1::Class IB antiarrhythmics}}
Published	02/28/2025	What antiarrhythmic drug class does phenytoin belong to?{{c1::Class IB antiarrhythmics (anti-epileptic but has class IB properties)}}
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class does mexiletine belong to?{{c1::Class IB antiarrhythmics}}
Published	03/01/2025	Class IB antiarrhythmics have a {{c1::low}} binding affinity for the Na+ channel
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class IB antiarrhythmics have on action potential duration?{{c1::Shortened duration}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class {{c3::IB}} antiarrhythmics treat {{c1::ventricular}} arrhythmias, especially in {{c2::ischemic}} tissue (e.g., post-MI)
Published	02/28/2025	Class I{{c1::B}} antiarrhythmics may be used to treat digitalis-induced arrhythmias
Published	02/28/2025	Class I{{c2::B}} antiarrhythmics can cause {{c1::neurological}} side effects (e.g., paresthesias, tremor, convulsions)
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class does flecainide belong to?{{c1::Class IC antiarrhythmics}}
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class does propafenone belong to?{{c1::Class IC antiarrhythmics}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class IC antiarrhythmics have a(n) {{c1::strong}} binding affinity for the Na+ channel
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class IC antiarrhythmics have on action potential duration?{{c1::No effect}}
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class IC antiarrhythmics have on the effective refractory period in the AV node and accessory bypass tracts?{{c1::Significant prolongat…
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class IC antiarrhythmics have on the effective refractory period in the Purkinje and ventricular tissue?{{c1::No effect}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class I{{c2::C}} antiarrhythmics are especially effective for rhythm control in patients with {{c1::atrial}} fibrillation (and flutter)
Published	02/28/2025	Class I{{c4::C}} antiarrhythmics may have {{c3::proarrhythmic}} effects and are thus contraindicated in patients with {{c1::structural}} heart disease…
Published	02/28/2025	Metoprolol, propranolol, and esmolol are all examples of class {{c1::II}} antiarrhythmics
Published	02/28/2025	Atenolol, timolol, and carvedilol are all examples of class {{c1::II}} antiarrhythmics
Published	02/28/2025	Class {{c3::II}} antiarrhythmics treat arrhythmias by blocking {{c1::sympathetic}} input to the {{c2::SA}} and {{c2::AV nodes}}
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) have on cAMP levels?{{c1::Decreased cAMP}}
Published	02/28/2025	Decreased cAMP as a result of class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) leads to the closure of membrane {{c1::Ca2+}} channels
Published	02/28/2025	Class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) suppress abnormal pacemakers by decreasing the {{c1::slope}} of phase {{c2::4}} of the nodal action potential
Published	02/28/2025	The {{c1::AV}} node is particularly sensitive to class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers)
Published	02/28/2025	{{c1::Intravenous::Mode of delivery}} class II antiarrhythmics, such as {{c2::esmolol}}, can be used for intra-operative or other acute supraventricul…
Published	02/28/2025	One possible adverse effect of class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) is {{c1::heart block}} due to decreased conduction through the AV node
Published	02/28/2025	Class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) may induce heart (AV) block, which manifests as a prolonged {{c1::PR interval}} on ECG
Published	02/28/2025	Class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) are useful in the treatment of {{c1::atrial}} fibrillation
Published	02/28/2025	Class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) are useful in preventing {{c1::rapid ventricular response (RVR)}} in atrial fibrillation and flutter
Published	02/28/2025	Which classes of antiarrhythmics are used for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation and flutter?{{c1::Class II and IV (β-blockers/CCB)::2}}
Published	02/28/2025	What type of drug are class III antiarrhythmics?{{c1::K+ channel blockers}}
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class III antiarrhythmics have on action potential duration?{{c1::Increased AP duration}}
Published	02/28/2025	What effect do class III antiarrhythmics have on effective refractory period?{{c1::Increased ERP}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class III antiarrhythmics (K+ channel blockers) exert their effects by prolonging phase {{c1::2}} and {{c1::3}} of the myocardial action potential
Published	02/28/2025	{{c1::Amiodarone}} is a lipophilic class {{c2::III}} antiarrhythmic that also shares properties with class {{c2::I, II, and IV}} antiarrhythmics
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class do dofetilide and ibutilide belong to?{{c1::Class III antiarrhythmics (K+ channel blockers)}}
Published	02/28/2025	{{c3::Sotalol}} is a class {{c1::III}} antiarrhythmic that also has class {{c2::II (β-blocker)}} activity
Published	03/02/2025	Are class III antiarrhythmics used to treat supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias?{{c1::Both}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class III antiarrhythmics can restore and maintain normal sinus rhythm in {{c1::atrial}} fibrillation and flutter
Published	02/28/2025	{{c1::Amiodarone}}, a class III antiarrhythmic, has many neurologic side effects
Published	02/28/2025	Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic, can act as a(n) {{c1::hapten}}, resulting in gray {{c2::corneal}} microdeposits
Published	02/28/2025	{{c2::Amiodarone}}, a class III antiarrhythmic, can cause both hyper- or hypo{{c1::thyroidism}}
Published	02/28/2025	Amiodarone can cause {{c1::heart block}} as a result of its class II antiarrhythmic activity
Published	02/28/2025	Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic, can induce heart {{c1::failure}}, especially with rapid IV administration
Published	02/28/2025	Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic, can cause hypersensitivity {{c1::hepatitis}}
Published	02/28/2025	Amiodarone may act as a hapten resulting in {{c1::gray-blue}} skin discoloration with {{c2::photodermatitis}}
Published	02/28/2025	{{c2::Amiodarone}}, a class III antiarrhythmic, is a(n) {{c3::inhibitor}} of {{c1::cytochrome P450}} and thus may have many drug interactions
Published	02/28/2025	What adverse effect is common to sotalol, dofetilide, and ibutilide (class III antiarrhythmics)?{{c1::QT prolongation}}
Published	02/28/2025	All class III antiarrhythmics (K+ channel blockers) can {{c2::prolong}} the {{c1::QT interval}} on ECG
Published	02/28/2025	{{c2::Amiodarone}} and {{c3::sotalol}} (class III antiarrhythmics) may be used to treat {{c1::ventricular}} tachycardia
Published	02/28/2025	What laboratory function tests should be checked when using amiodarone?{{c1::Pulmonary (PFTs), liver (LFTs), and thyroid (TFTs)::3}}
Published	02/28/2025	What adverse effect may amiodarone have on bowel movement?{{c1::Constipation}}
Published	02/28/2025	What type of drug are class IV antiarrhythmics?{{c1::Non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class {{c2::IV}} antiarrhythmics block activated and inactivated {{c1::L}}-type calcium channels
Published	02/28/2025	Class IV antiarrhythmics (non-dihydropyridine CCBs) are specific for the L-type calcium channel receptors in the {{c1::heart::organ}}
Published	02/28/2025	What drug class do diltiazem and verapamil belong to?{{c1::Non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers (class IV antiarrhythmics)}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class {{c3::IV}} antiarrhythmics treat arrhythmias by directly blocking {{c1::Ca2+}} current in the {{c2::SA}} and {{c2::AV nodes}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class IV antiarrhythmics decrease pacemaker activity by decreasing the slope of phase {{c1::0}} and {{c1::4}} of the nodal action potential
Published	02/28/2025	What is the effect of class IV antiarrhythmics (non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers) on effective refractory period?{{c1::Increased ERP}}
Published	02/28/2025	Class IV antiarrhythmics (non-dihydropyridine CCBs) {{c1::decrease}} conduction velocity through the AV node
Published	02/28/2025	Class IV antiarrhythmics may prolong the {{c1::PR interval}} on ECG
Published	02/28/2025	One possible adverse effect of class IV antiarrhythmics is AV {{c1::block}} due to decreased conduction through the AV node
Published	02/28/2025	Class IV antiarrhythmics are useful in the treatment of {{c1::atrial}} fibrillation (and flutter)
Published	02/28/2025	Class IV antiarrhythmics help prevent {{c1::rapid ventricular response (RVR)}} in atrial fibrillation and flutter ("rate control")
Published	02/28/2025	{{c1::Digoxin}} is a cardiac glycoside that has antiarrhythmic properties
Published	02/28/2025	Digoxin exerts parasympathomimetic effects via direct stimulation of the {{c1::vagus}} nerve, causing {{c2::AV}} nodal inhibition
Published	02/28/2025	Digoxin is useful in the treatment of {{c1::atrial}} fibrillation (and flutter)
Published	02/28/2025	Digoxin is useful in preventing {{c1::rapid ventricular response (RVR)}} in atrial fibrillation and flutter ("rate control")
Published	02/28/2025	{{c2::Magnesium}} is an ion that may be used as an antiarrhythmic to treat {{c1::torsades de pointes}}
Published	02/28/2025	Magnesium may be used as an antiarrhythmic to treat {{c1::digoxin}} toxicity
Published	02/28/2025	What changes in potassium levels can induce arrhythmias?{{c1::Both hyper- and hypokalemia :)::Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia}}
Published	02/28/2025	{{c1::Adenosine}} is a purine nucleoside with antiarrhythmic properties
Published	02/28/2025	Adenosine activates inhibitory {{c1::A1}} receptors on the myocardium of the {{c2::SA}} and {{c2::AV nodes}}
Published	03/19/2025	Activation of A1 receptors in the myocardium by adenosine {{c1::increases}} outward {{c2::K+}} current → {{c1::Hyperpolarization}}
Published	02/28/2025	Activation of A1 receptors in the myocardium by adenosine {{c1::decreases}} inward {{c2::Ca2+}} current
Published	02/28/2025	Adenosine {{c1::decreases}} conduction velocity through the AV node
Published	02/28/2025	What is the effect of adenosine on effective refractory period?{{c1::Increased ERP}}
Published	02/28/2025	Adenosine may cause transient high grade {{c1::heart block}} due to direct AV node inhibition
Published	02/28/2025	Adenosine may be used as a very {{c1::short}}-acting antiarrhythmic
Published	02/28/2025	Adenosine causes coronary {{c1::vasodilation}} via its action on {{c2::A2}} receptors
Published	02/28/2025	One adverse effect associated with adenosine is cutaneous {{c1::flushing}}
Published	02/28/2025	Adverse effects associated with adenosine include {{c1::chest}} pain and a sense of {{c2::impending doom}}
Published	02/28/2025	What effect may adenosine have on blood pressure?{{c1::Decreased (hypotension)}}
Published	02/28/2025	{{c3::Adenosine}} is an antiarrhythmic that is less effective in the presence of {{c1::theophylline}} and {{c2::caffeine}}
Published	02/28/2025	Which antiarrhythmic agent may cause interstitial restrictive lung disease? {{c1::Amiodarone}}
Published	02/28/2025	Which electrolyte disturbance causes U waves and flattened T waves on ECG? {{c1::Low K+ (hypokalemia)}}
Published	02/28/2025	Which electrolyte disturbance causes wide QRS and peaked T waves on ECG? {{c1::High K+ (hyperkalemia)}}
Published	02/28/2025	Phenytoin exerts its effects by blocking {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published	02/28/2025	What class of anti-arrhythmic is characterized by prolonged QRS durations at faster heart rates? {{c1::Class I (especially class IC)}}
Published	02/28/2025	Which class of anti-arrhythmics is characterized by prolonged PR intervals at faster heart rates? {{c1::Class IV (CCBs)}}
Published	02/28/2025	What is the recommended treatment for a hemodynamically stable patient with a history of panic attacks that presents with chest tightness, lightheaded…
Published	02/28/2025	Because class IC antiarrhythmics have a strong binding affinity and dissociate primarily during diastole, a(n) {{c2::increased}} heart rate results in…
Published	02/28/2025	Is the incidence of torsades de pointes with amiodarone higher or lower than other drugs that prolong the QT?{{c1::Much lower}}
Published	02/28/2025	Stable supraventricular tachycardia (e.g., AVNRT) is managed with vagal maneuvers or {{c1::adenosine}}Unstable supraventricular tachycardia (e.g. AVNR…
Published	02/28/2025	Stable + narrow QRS tachycardia > 150 bpm = {{c1::Adenosine::Adenosine/Amiodarone}} Stable + wide QRS tachycardia > 150 bpm = {{c1::Amiodar…
Published	02/28/2025	What is the first-line therapy for conscious and stable patients with torsades de pointes?{{c1::IV magnesium sulfate}}
Published	02/28/2025	Which β-blocker is associated with QT interval prolongation?{{c1::Sotalol (class III antiarrhythmic)}}
Published	02/28/2025	{{c1::Pulmonary toxicity}} is responsible for most deaths associated with amiodarone therapy
Status	Last Update	Fields