Notes in Organic Chemistry

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Published	11/14/2024	A wavefunction has a phase, which can be either positive (+) or negative (−), and locations where the wavefunction changes phase are called {{c1::node…
Published	11/14/2024	Wavefunctions with the same phase add together {{c1::constructively}}, leading to an increase in amplitude (probability of electron density).
Published	11/14/2024	Wavefunctions with opposite phases add together {{c1::destructively}} to create new nodes, reducing the electron density in certain regions.
Published	11/14/2024	Molecular orbitals describing a constructive interaction of wavefunctions are called {{c1::bonding}} molecular orbitals, with a region of {{c1::shared…
Published	11/14/2024	Molecular orbitals describing a destructive interaction of wavefunctions are called {{c1::antibonding}} molecular orbitals, which contain a {{c1::node…
Published	11/14/2024	A bonding molecular orbital has {{c1::lower::lower/higher}}  energy and is {{c1::more::less/more}} stable than the atomic orbitals prior to linea…
Published	11/14/2024	Conservation of orbitals is observed when two atomic orbitals combine to form two {{c1::molecular orbitals}}: one bonding and one antibonding.
Published	11/14/2024	The presence of a lone pair in a molecule also represents a form of charge separation, and each lone pair is treated like a {{c1::bond dipole moment}}…
Published	11/14/2024	The only three elements with electronegativity high enough for hydrogen bonding are {{c1::fluorine (F), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Hydrogen bonding is a specialized, strong form of {{c1::dipole-dipole}} interaction due to the electrostatic attraction between δ+ and δ− charges.
Published	11/14/2024	Interactions between {{c1::fully charged molecules (ions)}} represent the strongest type of intermolecular forces.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Induced dipoles}} generate the weakest intermolecular forces because they have transient charge separation.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Dipole-dipole interactions}} are stronger than induced dipole interactions because they involve permanent partial charges (δ+ and δ−).
Published	11/14/2024	Hydrogen bonding is a particularly strong type of {{c1::dipole-dipole}} interaction due to the large electronegativity difference between H and F, O, …
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Ion-dipole}} interactions are stronger than hydrogen bonds because they involve the interaction of fully charged ions with dipoles.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Ionic}} interactions represent the strongest type of intermolecular force due to the full charges of ions interacting with each other.
Published	11/14/2024	The strength of intermolecular forces is directly proportional to the magnitude of {{c1::charges}} involved in the interaction.
Published	11/14/2024	If two compounds have the same molecular weight, the compound with a larger surface area will have a {{c1::higher::lower/higher}} boiling point.
Published	11/14/2024	The presence of branching in a compound's structure typically {{c1::decreases::decreases/increases}} surface area, causing a {{c1::lower::lower/higher…
Published	11/14/2024	Compounds capable of hydrogen bonding generally have {{c1::higher::lower/higher}} boiling points than those that are incapable of hydrogen bonding.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Polarity}} is the dominant factor in determining the solubility of organic molecules because of the intermolecular forces involved.
Published	11/14/2024	The principle of "like dissolves like" explains that solutes and solvents with {{c1::similar}} polarity and intermolecular forces will be {{c1::solubl…
Published	11/14/2024	Insolubility occurs when solute and solvent are unable to generate {{c1::attractive intermolecular forces}}, leading to the separation of solute and s…
Published	11/14/2024	When one liquid can dissolve in another liquid in any ratio, the two liquids are said to be {{c1::miscible}}.
Published	11/14/2024	In a degrees of unsaturation calculation, each halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) is {{c1::equivalent to one hydrogen atom}}.
Published	11/14/2024	In calculating degrees of unsaturation, nitrogen counds as {{c1::one-half of a carbon atom equivalent because nitrogen forms three covalent bonds}}.
Published	11/14/2024	In calculating degrees of unsaturation, Oxygen atoms add {{c1::0}}.
Published	11/14/2024	The best resonance structure places negative formal charges on the most {{c1::electronegative atom}} if there is a choice between atoms that could bea…
Published	11/14/2024	Lone pairs can contribute to resonance if they are in {{c1::unhybridized p orbitals}} and properly aligned with the pi system.
Published	11/14/2024	For resonance to occur, the atoms involved must be planar or close to planar so that {{c1::the p orbitals can overlap properly}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Resonance occurs through side-to-side overlap of {{c1:: unhybridized p orbitals}}, which allows delocalization of electrons over multiple atoms.
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Alkane}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Alkene}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Alkyne}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Aromatic Ring}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional groups are these? {{c1::Cycloalkane, cycloalkene, and cycloalkyne}}. {{c1::Cycloalkynes}} are only possible for rings with {{c1:…
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Alcohol}}. Nonpolar or polar? {{c1::Polar.}} Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? {{c1::Hydrophilic}}.
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Ether}}. Is it more or less polar than alcohols? {{c1::Less}}.
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Aldehyde}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Intermediate polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Ketone}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Intermediate polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Carboxylic Acid}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Highly polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Acid halide}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Anhydride}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Ester}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Amide}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Amine}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Amide}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Nitrile}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Alkyl halide}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Thiol}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Slightly Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Thioether}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::relatively nonpolar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Thioester}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::slightly nonpolar}}
Published	11/14/2024	What functional group is this? {{c1::Disulfide}}. Polar or nonpolar? {{c1::Slightly Polar}}
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Isomers}} are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Constitutional isomers, or structural isomers}}, are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity between their at…
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Skeletal}} isomers have different arrangements of their carbon skeletons (eg, a linear hydrocarbon versus a branched hydrocarbon).
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Positional}} isomers have functional groups in different locations (or positions) within a molecule.
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Functional group}} isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula and local bonding environments but different functional groups.
Published	11/14/2024	Isomers that have an identical connectivity of atoms but different three-dimensional orientations of atoms are broadly classified as {{c1::stereoisom…
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Conformational}} isomers are stereoisomers formed through the rotation of atoms relative to the axis of a single bond, while {{c1::configuratio…
Published	11/14/2024	What type of conformation is this? Is it lower or higher energy? What is the dihedral angle (θ)? {{c1::See answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	What type of conformation is this? Is it lower or higher energy? What is the dihedral angle (θ)? {{c1::See answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	What type of conformation is this? Is it lower or higher energy? What is the dihedral angle (θ)? {{c1::See answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	What type of conformation is this? Is it lower or higher energy? What is the dihedral angle (θ)? {{c1::See answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which conformation has the lowest torsional energy? {{c1::D}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which has more reactivity, cyclohexane or cyclopropane? {{c1::Cyclopropane}}.
Published	11/14/2024	In a chair conformation, the {{c1::axial}} positions are oriented above and below the ring while {{c1::equatorial}} positions are radially oriented aw…
Published	11/14/2024	Cyclohexane rings are lower energy (and more stable) when its alkyl groups are in {{c1::equatorial}} positions.
Published	11/14/2024	Cyclohexane chair conformations can undergo the equilibrium process of a {{c1::chair flip}}, to interconvert between two related chair conformations.
Published	11/14/2024	Chair flips interconvert the {{c1::axial and equatorial designations}} for all groups
Published	11/14/2024	Chiral or achiral? {{c1::Achiral}} molecules have a plane of symmetry and have superimposable mirror images, meaning the original molecule and its mi…
Published	11/14/2024	A {{c1::stereocenter}} is an atom for which the switching of two of its substituents will form a different stereoisomer.
Published	11/14/2024	The maximum number of stereoisomers possible for a compound is determined by the expression {{c1::2n}} , where n is the number of {{c1::stereoce…
Published	11/14/2024	Is this R or S? {{c1::S}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is this R or S? {{c1::R}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is this R or S? {{c1::R}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is this R or S? {{c1::S}}
Published	11/14/2024	Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images are called {{c1::enantiomers}}. {{c1::Diastereomers}} are defined as stereoisomers that are not…
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Epimers}} are a subset of diastereomers that differ in spatial orientation at only one chiral center and are most commonly encountered in the c…
Published	11/14/2024	{{c1::Meso compounds}} are molecules that contain both an internal plane of symmetry and chiral centers.
Published	11/14/2024	A Fischer projection that has been rotated 180° is the same or different molecule?. {{c1::The same.}} A Fischer projection that has been rotated …
Published	11/14/2024	Is this L- or D- Glucose? {{c1::L-Glucose}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is this L- or D- Glyceraldehyde? {{c1::L-Glyceraldehyde}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is this L- or D- Amino acid? {{c1::D-Amino Acid}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is this cycloalkane -cis or -trans? {{c1::-cis}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is this alkene -cis or -trans? {{c1::-trans}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the absolute configuration of this alkene stereocenter? {{c1::Z}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which correct for providing numerical location for each carbon atom in the parent chain? {{c1::option A}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which option is correct for choosing the parent chain? {{c1::Option B}}
Published	11/14/2024	Provide the prefixes for the alkane chain. {{c1::see answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	How many carbons does the parent chain have? {{c1::heptane}}
Published	11/14/2024	Name the alkyl groups in the following alkane: {{c1::see answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this complex alkyl substituent? {{c1::see answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	Alkanes that contain one or more stereocenters have IUPAC names that include stereochemical configurations. If an atom can be assigned either an R or…
Published	11/14/2024	For IUPAC names with E/Z configurations, E/Z and R/S is listed at the start of the name, in {{c1::ascending}} order, enclosed within parentheses
Published	11/14/2024	What are the IUPAC group terms for the halogens of the following alkyl halides? {{c1::See answer}}
Published	11/14/2024	For naming alkenes:The parent chain of an alkene is the longest chain of carbon atoms that contains {{c1::both carbon atoms of the alkene}}.The parent…
Published	11/14/2024	For naming alkenes:If a molecule contains multiple alkene functional groups, the parent chain is the {{c1::longest carbon chain that contains the max…
Published	11/14/2024	What is the revised IUPAC name for the following alkene? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the revised IUPAC name for the following alkene? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the revised name for the following alkynyl group? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is wrong with this name? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is wrong with this name? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is wrong with this name? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the IUPAC name for this? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What are these substituent groups called? {{c1::phenyl}} and {{c1::benzyl}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the IUPAC naming of this? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the naming of this? {{c1::Phenol}}
Published	11/14/2024	An alcohol that either is not the highest-priority functional group or is present within a substituent chain is named as a substituent group. In thes…
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the ether substituent group here? {{c1::ethoxy}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the ether substituent group here? {{c1::methoxy}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the ether substituent group here? {{c1::dimethoxy}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the substituent group below? {{c1::epoxy}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this aldehyde? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the aldehyde part of this molecule's name? {{c1::pentanedial}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this ring? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the substituent group here? {{c1::3-formyl}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the ketone component of this cyclohexane? {{c1::cyclohexane-1,3-dione}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the substituent group here? {{c1::2-oxo-}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this group? {{c1::Acyl}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the substituent in this? {{c1::3-ethanoyl}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::See}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name for this molecule? {{c1::Benzoic acid}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of these molecules? {{c1::propanoic acid and propanoate.}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of the substituent group here? {{c1::3-(carboxylatomethyl)pentanedioic acid}}
Published	11/14/2024	A carboxylate ion named as a substituent uses the term {{c1::carboxylato}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of these compounds? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the name of this molecule? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the common name (not IUPAC) of these alkyl groups? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the common name (not IUPAC) of these alkyl groups? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which is ortho, which is meta, and which is para? {{c1::meta, ortho, para}}
Published	11/14/2024	What is the common name (not IUPAC) for these? {{c1::vicinal diol/glycol and geminal diol}}
Published	11/14/2024	What are the common names (not IUPAC) for benzene rings substituted with two hydroxyl groups? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	In common nomenclature, the carbon position that is in position 4 is given the greek letter: {{c1::γ}}
Published	11/14/2024	Electronegative atoms (polarize or stabilize?) {{c1::polarize}} the X-H bond and generate (weaker or stronger?) {{c1::stronger}} acids.
Published	11/14/2024	Electronegative atoms (polarize or stabilize?) {{c1::stabilize}} the conjugate base and generate (weaker or stronger?) {{c1::weaker}} bases.
Published	11/14/2024	Through the inductive effect, the presence of {{c1::electronegative}} atoms in a molecule can polarize the bonds to -H and make it easier to ionize.
Published	11/14/2024	An electron-donating group (eg, alkyl group) contributes {{c1::electron density}} to the molecule through the inductive effect. Consequently, electro…
Published	11/14/2024	Weaker H–X bond strengths lead to a (decrease or increase?) {{c1::increase}} in acidity.
Published	11/14/2024	Increasing ionic radius of the halide anions (ie, the conjugate bases of hydrohalic acids) down a group results in (decreasing or increasing?) {{c1::…
Published	11/14/2024	The acidity of a C–H bond (decreases or increases?)  {{c1::increases}} as its hybridization changes from sp3 → sp2 → sp.
Published	11/14/2024	The conjugate base of a terminal alkyne (with its lone pair in an sp orbital) is (less or more?) {{c1::more}} stable than the conjugate bases of alke…
Published	11/14/2024	Carbocations are classified based on the number of attached {{c1::alkyl substituents}}.
Published	11/14/2024	Carbocation stability is directly related to the number of attached {{c1::alkyl}} groups.
Published	11/14/2024	Which is more likely, the rearrangement of a 1º carbocation to either a 2º or 3º carbocation, or the rearrangement of a 3º carbocation to either …
Published	11/14/2024	Is the image below (left to right) listed in order of increasing or decreasing stability? {{c1::Increasing}}
Published	11/14/2024	A carbanion is stabilized by neighboring {{c1::electron-withdrawing groups (eg, halogens)}}.
Published	11/14/2024	What is the hybridization of the carbanion below? {{c1::sp2}}
Published	11/14/2024	Is the image below (left to right) increasing or decreasing in stability? {{c1::Increasing}}
Published	11/14/2024	Electronegative atoms are {{c1::less::less/more}} nucleophilic.
Published	11/14/2024	Nucleophilicity decreases or increases with larger atomic radius? {{c1::Increases}}
Published	11/14/2024	From left to right, does nucleophilicity decrease or increase? {{c1::Decrease}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which is the best nucleophile from the image below? {{c1::Amine}}
Published	11/14/2024	To increase nucleophilicity, a reaction should occur in a polar protic solvent or a polar aprotic solvent? {{c1::Polar aprotic solvent.}}
Published	11/14/2024	Rank these in nucleophilicity. {{c1::See table}}.
Published	11/14/2024	An electrophile is a substance that has a deficiency of {{c1::electron density}} and can accept a {{c1::lone pair of electrons}} from another group (…
Published	11/14/2024	A base in a conjugate acid-base pair is always more {{c1::nucleophilic::electrophillic/nucleophillic}} than its acid counterpart
Published	11/14/2024	An acid in a conjugate acid-base pair is always more  {{c1::electrophilic::electrophillic/nucleophillic}} than its base counterpart.
Published	11/14/2024	Which type of electrophile is not substantially affected by steric hindrance? {{c1::Type 1}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which is more stable? Which has higher rate of formation? Which is more electrophilic? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which is more electronegative? Which has higher electrophilicity? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	Which is more electrophilic? {{c1::see}}
Published	11/14/2024	The impact of resonance on type 1 electrophilicity is {{c1::no impact::decreases/increases/no impact}}
Published	11/14/2024	The impact of resonance on type 2 electrophilicity is {{c1::increases::decreases/increases}}
Published	11/14/2024	The impact of resonance on type 3 electrophilicity is {{c1::decreases::decreases/increases/no impact}}
Published	11/14/2024	Electronegative groups that can both polarize the C–X bond and accept the lone pair of electrons {{c1::increase::decrease/increase}} a molecule's elec…
Published	11/14/2024	The best leaving groups are typically {{c1::weak conjugate bases of strong acids}}.
Published	11/14/2024	What type of reaction is this? {{c1::SN1}}
Published	11/14/2024	In this type of reaction, carbocation is the intermediate and rearrangements through hydride shift or methyl shift can occur. {{c1::SN1}}
Status	Last Update	Fields