Notes in 09 Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Coccidians

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Published	07/30/2024	What differentiates hemoflagellates and flagellates?{{c1::Hemoflagellates live in the peripheral blood circulationFlagellates live in the GIT}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hemoflagellates require how many hosts?{{c1::Vetebrate host and Insect host}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 Morphological states of Hemoflagellates:{{c1::AmastigotePromastigoteEpimastigoteTrypomastigote}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which hemoflagellate morphological states appear in the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi {{c1::AmastigotePromastigoteEpimastigoteTrypomastigote}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which hemoflagellate morphological states appear in the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei{{c1::EpimastigoteTrypomastigote}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which hemoflagellate morphologiccal states appear in the life cycle of Leishmania{{c1::AmastigotePromastigote}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amastigote}} - This morphological state of hemoflagellates is found {{c2::in}}tracellularly primarily in {{c2::muscle, CNS, endothelial cells, a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Promastigote}} - This morphological state of hemoflagellates may only be seen if bloodsample is collected immediately after transmission
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epimastigote}} - This morphological state of hemoflagellates is found primarily in arthropodvector
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Trypomastigote}} - This morphological state of hemoflagellates is able to reproduce and visible in peripheral blood
Published	07/30/2024	2 subgenera of Leishmania:{{c1::L. leishmaniaL. vianna}}
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmania resevoirs: Humans, {{c1::Dogs, Rodents::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Old World Leishmaniasis Etiology:{{c1::L.L donovaniL.L infantumL.L tropicaL.L major::subspecies}}
Published	07/30/2024	New World Leishmaniasis Etiology:{{c1::L.L chagasiL.L mexicana complexL.V braziliensis complexL.L amazonensis::subspecies}}
Published	07/30/2024	New World Leishmaniasis Vector: {{c1::Lutzomyia sandfly}}
Published	07/30/2024	Old World Leishmaniasis Vector: {{c1::Phlebotomus sandfly}}
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmania {{c1::vianna}} grows in the {{c2::hindgut and midgut}} of the insect vector
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmania {{c1::leishmania}} grows in the {{c2::proboscis}} of the insect vector
Published	07/30/2024	Lesihmania spp. Life Cycle{{c1::Promastigote}} is injected by sandfly in vertebrate host and is phagocytosed by macrophages or RESInside the macr…
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmania spp. MOT: {{c1::Bite wounds, Blood transfusion, Direct contact with contaminatedspecimens, Vertical transmission (Mother→ baby)}}Infec…
Published	07/30/2024	Lesihmania spp. Important Associated Diseases: {{c1::Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL), Mucocutaneous Leishmani…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)}} is the most common form of leishmaniasis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Cutaneous}} Leishmaniasis (C{{c2::}}L) Clinical Findings:{{c1::“Oriental button” - erythematous papule or nodule w/ raised edges and a central c…
Published	07/30/2024	4 Species of Leishmania that cause Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL):{{c1::L. tropica - Dry or Oriental SoreL. major - Moist or Rural Sore&n…
Published	07/30/2024	2 Species of Leishmania that cause Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL):{{c1::L. aethiopica L. mexicana}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Diffuse Cutaneous or Anergic or Lepromatous}} Leishmaniasis ({{c2::DC}}L) Clinical Findings:{{c1::Localized, non-ulcerating papulesForms diffuse…
Published	07/30/2024	Diffuse Cutaneous or Anergic or Lepromatous Leishmaniasis (DCL) usually affects px w/ {{c1::no cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to parasites::demographic}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Mucocutaneous}} Leishmaniasis ({{c2::MC}}L) Clinical Findings:{{c1::Nasal discharge or stuffiness, Epistaxis,Espundia - destruction of nasal sep…
Published	07/30/2024	Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) may have concurrent or progress to {{c1::Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL)}} years after resolution
Published	07/30/2024	2 Species of Leishmania that cause Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL):{{c1::L. braziliensisL. tropica}}
Published	07/30/2024	Species of Leishmania that cause Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala Azar:{{c1::L. donovani complex:L. donovaniL. infantumL. chagasi}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Kala Azar or Visceral}} Leishmaniasis ({{c2::V}}L) Clinical Findings:Acute: Fever, Chills, usually mistaken for {{c1::malaria}}Subacute or Chron…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Post-Kala Azar Dermal}} Leishmaniasis ({{c2::PKD}}L) Clinical Findings:{{c1::Cutaneous eruption resulting to hypopigmented macules, malar erythe…
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmaniasis Diagnosis:Amastigotes in tissues (Spleen, bone marrow, or liver aspirates for visceral leishmaniasis or skin scrapings for cutaneous les…
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmania Skin Test or {{c1::Montenegro}} Test - Is a test for Leishmania through hypersensitivity reaction to a suspension of killed promastigotes
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmania Skin Test or Montenegro Test Results:(+) Result: {{c1::≥ 5 mm in 72 hours CL and MCL}}(-) Result: {{c1::DCL and VL/KL}}
Published	07/30/2024	Animal Inoculation can detect low intensity Leshmaniasis and it performed on a {{c1::golden hamster}}
Published	07/30/2024	Leishmaniasis DOC: {{c1::Sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate, Liposomal amphotericin B::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi Important Associated Diseases: {{c1::Chaga’s Disease or South American trypanosomiasis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi is limited to {{c1::South and Central America}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi Resevoir: {{c1::Dogs, cats, pigs, opossums, armadillos, racoons, marsupials, and rodents}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi Vector: {{c1::Reduviid bugs or Kissing bugs or Triatomine bugs. Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the vertebrate host, you can find Trypanosoma cruzi {{c1::trypomastigotes::morphological form}} in the {{c2::blood}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the vertebrate host, you can find Trypanosoma cruzi {{c1::amastigotes::morphological form}} in the {{c2::tissues and lymph aspirates}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the insect host, you can find Trypanosoma cruzi {{c1::amastigotes, epimastigotes, and promatigotes::morphological form}} in the {{c2::mid…
Published	07/30/2024	In the insect host, you can find Trypanosoma cruzi {{c1::trypomastigotes::morphological form}} in the {{c2::hindgut}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruziMOT: {{c1::Fecal contamination of mucus membranes, conjunctiva, or wound on skin surface, Blood transfusion, Organ transplantation, V…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi Life Cycle{{c1::Metacyclic Trypomastigote}} is deposited by the kissing bug in vertebrate host infects nearby cellsInside the c…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi {{c2::Acute}} Infection Clinical Findings: Fever or swelling around the site of inoculation{{c1::Romaña's Sign - Non-…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi {{c2::Indeterminate}} Infection Clinical Findings: {{c1::Asymptomatic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi {{c2::Chronic}} Infection Clinical Findings: {{c1::CardiomyopathyMegacolonMegaesophagus::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi Diagnosis:{{c1::Thick and thin blood smear for trypomastigotesMicrohematocrit concentrationXenodiagnosis::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi Media: {{c1::Novy, McNeal, & Nicolle (NNN)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi DOC: {{c1::Nifurtimox and Benznidazole}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, what other ancillary treatments do you give in px with Trypanosoma cruzi infection?{{c1::Allopurinol…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei {{c1::gambiense}} accounts for 95% of all Human African Trypanosomiasis orHAT casesTrypanosoma brucei {{c1::rhodesie…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Resevoir: {{c1::dogs, pigs, and sheep}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Vector: {{c1::Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachynoides (Tsetse fly)}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the vertebrate host, you can find Trypanosoma brucei gambiense {{c1::trypomastigotes::morphological forms}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the insect host, you can find Trypanosoma brucei gambiense {{c1::epimastigote, procyclic trypomastigote, metacyclic trypomastigote::…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Life Cycle{{c1::Metacyclic Trypomastigote}} is injected by the tsetse fly in vertebrate host and turn into {{c2::typ…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei gambienseMOT: {{c1::Bite of infected tsetse fly and other blood-sucking insects, Accidental needle pricks, Vertical / congenital tr…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei Diagnosis:Identification of parasite: {{c1::Peripheral blood smear, CSF, Lymph node aspiration, chancre aspiration}}Best done durin…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei DOC: {{c1::Pentamidine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Important Associated Diseases: {{c1::West African/Gambian/Chronic Sleeping Sickness}}Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense&…
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Infection Initial Lesion Clinical Findings:{{c1::localized, painful, pruritic, erythematous chancre at bite site tha…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Trypanosoma brucei gambiense}} Infection Clinical Findings:Acute: Fevers, headaches, muscle and joint aches, malaiseItching of th…
Published	07/30/2024	Winterbottom's sign is most seen in the {{c1::posterior cervical, axillary, and supraclavicular LNs::location}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosomes can have a continuous change in the surface coat antigens by turning on or off the genes coding for their {{c1::Variant Surface Glycoprot…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Morbidity and Mortality1. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense2. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Vector: {{c1::Glossina morsitans}}
Published	07/30/2024	Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Infection Clinical Findings:{{c1::The same as gambiense but with a shorter incubation period of 1-4 weeksWint…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Definitive Host: {{c1::Cat}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 Morphological states of Toxoplasma gondii:{{c1::Tachyzoites in groups or clonesBradyzoites in tissue cystsSporozoites in oocysts::bene meritus …
Published	07/30/2024	In the cat, you can find Toxoplasma gondii {{c1::tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites::morphological form}}
Published	07/30/2024	In humans and other intermediate hosts, you can find Toxoplasma gondii {{c1::tachyzoites, bradyzoites::morphological form}}
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii {{c1::oocysts::morphological form}} develop only in the cat's intestines
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii1 Oocyst = {{c1::2}} sporocysts1 sporocyst = {{c1::4}} sporozoitesSporozoites → {{c2::Tachyzoites}} → {{c2::Bradyzoites}}
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii TachyzoitesShape: pyriform or crescent-shapedObligate, {{c1::in}}tracellular parasite
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites multiply through {{c1::endodyogeny}}
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii {{c1::Tissue Cysts (full of bradyzoites)}} are the dormant form found in chronic infections because of the body's immune response
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Life Cycle[Cat Intestines]{{c1::Oocyst}} -Passed in feces→ {{c1::Sporulated Oocysts}} → {{c2::Sporozoites}} → Passed in feces[R…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondiiMOT: {{c1::Uncooked pork or lamb, cat feces ingestion, transplacental, organ transplantation, blood transfusion}}Infective Stage: {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Acquired Infection In Immunocompetent Px Clinical Findings:Asymptomatic for 90% of cases or symptomatic is usually benign and s…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Acquired Infection In Immunocompromised Px Clinical Findings:{{c1::diffuse encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis or cerebral mass…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Congenital Infection Clinical Findings:In 90% of patients, no clinical symptoms are apparent during acute infection{{c1::Retino…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Congenital Infection is severe if the mother acquired the infection during the {{c1::first or second}} trimester of pregnancy
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Diagnosis:{{c1::Direct Microscopy in Tachyzoites in blood and Tissue Cysts in tissue biopsySabin-Feldman methylene blue test}}
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii Sabin-Feldman methylene blue test(+) Result: {{c1::parasite will appear thin, distorted and not stained}}(-) Result: {{c1::para…
Published	07/30/2024	Toxoplasma gondii DOC:{{c1::}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium oocysts have {{c1::4}} sporozoites
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium oocysts have 2 types:{{c1::Thick-walled and Thin-walled}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Sporulation right after defecation1. Toxoplasma gondii2. Cryptosporidium {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium Life Cycle[Infected Host]{{c1::thick-walled infected, sporulated oocyst}} passed in feces to bodies of water[Next Host]{{c1::thic…
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium Life CycleThin-walled oocysts - {{c1::remain in the body of the host and are responsible for autoinfection}}Thick-walled oocysts …
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium & Cystoisospora belliMOT: {{c1::Contaminated water (drinking and recreational) and food, and nosocomial infections}}Infective Stag…
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium Infection in Immunocompetent Px Clinical Findings:{{c1::Self-limiting diarrhea and general abdo symptoms}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium Infection in Immunocompromised Px Clinical Findings:{{c1::Progressive and severe diarrheaMalabsorption syndromeExtraintestinal pr…
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium Diagnosis:{{c1::Direct microscopy or wet mount of oocystsSucrose flotationModified acid-fast, Kinyoun, and Giemsa stains::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium Diagnosis:{{c1::Antigen}} detection in stool - {{c2::ELISA, ICT}}{{c1::Antibody}} detection in serum - {{c2::ELISA, EIA, IFA}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cryptosporidium DOC: {{c1::Nitazoxanide, bovine colostrum, azithromycin}}
Published	07/30/2024	How much chlorine per cubic feet of water can kill Cryptosporidium?{{c1::None. Chlorination does not affect the parasite}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cystoisospora belli Life Cycle{{c1::Unsporulated/Immature oocysts}} are passed in the feces{{c1::Unsporulated/Immature oocysts}} w/ {{c2::sporobl…
Published	07/30/2024	Cystoisosporiasis Clinical Findings:{{c1::Diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal colic, fever, and malabsorption syndromeEosinophilia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cystoisosporiasis Immunocompromised Px Clinical Findings:{{c1::Same with regular infection but also with profuse diarrhea}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Cystoisosporiasis Severity1. Infants and Young Children2. Adults{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cystoisospora belli Diagnosis:{{c1::Stool examination - wet mount, direct smear, concentration technique, acid-fast staining showing oocystsBiops…
Published	07/30/2024	Cystoisospora belli DOC: {{c1::Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole}}
Status	Last Update	Fields