Notes in Week 4

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/19/2024	When asking a patient about their social history {{c1::use open ended questions like "Tell me about..."}}
Published	09/19/2024	Social history:Why do we ask about tobacco/nicotine use?
Published	09/19/2024	Social history:Why do we ask about alcohol use?
Published	09/19/2024	Social history:Why do we ask about illicit drug use?
Published	09/19/2024	Social history:Why do we ask about marijuana use?
Published	09/19/2024	Social history:Why do we ask about vaping use?
Published	09/19/2024	Social history:Why do we ask about caffeine use?
Published	09/19/2024	When asking about caffeine use clarify:{{c1::What the pt drinks}}{{c1::How much/often they drink}}{{c1::Their water intake}}
Published	09/19/2024	Goals for pt diet:Limit {{c1::sodium, added sugars, saturated fats, processed food::4}}Focus on {{c1::whole fruits, vegetables, balanced meals::3}}
Published	09/19/2024	When asking about exercise clarify:{{c1::What kind of exercise?}}{{c1::How often/duration?}}
Published	09/19/2024	Social history:Why do we ask about partnership status?
Published	09/19/2024	Basic ADLs include {{c1::ambulating, feeding, dressing, bathing, toileting::5}}
Published	09/19/2024	Instrumental ADLs include {{c1::food preparation, housekeeping, shopping, using transportation, managing money, taking meds::6}}
Published	09/19/2024	When asking about pt sleep clarify:{{c1::Quality of sleep}}{{c1::Quantity of sleep}}{{c1::Trouble falling/staying asleep}}{{c1::Feeling refreshed?}}
Published	09/19/2024	When asking about pt sexual history clarify:{{c1::Sexual preference/orientation}}{{c1::Partners (lifetime & current)}}{{c1::Pregnancy (history &am…
Published	09/19/2024	When entering a patient encounter make sure you ask:{{c1::What's your name? What do you prefer to be called?}}{{c1::How old are you?}}{{c1::What was y…
Published	09/19/2024	Epithelium is used to {{c1::cover surfaces in the body}} and is composed of {{c1::mostly identical cells tightly attached to one another}}
Published	09/19/2024	Epithelial cells have polarity meaning {{c1::they are oriented to direction }}
Published	09/19/2024	Migration is suppressed in epithelial cells so {{c1::they don't move unless something moves them or they are mutated}}
Published	09/19/2024	Epithelium is avascular because {{c1::it is nourished through basal lamina diffusion}}
Published	09/19/2024	Functional adaptations of epithelium:{{c1::Constantly regenerating using stem cells in the basement membrane }}{{c1::Cells communicate through th…
Published	09/19/2024	The basement membrane of epithelium is {{c1::the boundary between epithelium and the underlying lamina propria (usually connective tissue)}}
Published	09/19/2024	The basal lamina and basement membrane are different because {{c1::the basement membrane contains the basal lamina with extra components}}
Published	09/19/2024	The apical surface of a cell {{c1::faces the environment (in or out of the body) and can have microvilli or cilia attached}}
Published	09/19/2024	The glycocalyx coat covering microvilli {{c1::keeps them moist so they don't slough off and traps enzymes & other substances::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Cilia are {{c1::long, actively moving membrane projections}} that are used to {{c1::increase motility and assist in sensory function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Simple squamous epithelium is {{c1::a single, flat layer of tightly adhered cells}} that {{c1::provide protection but still interact with the environm…
Published	09/19/2024	Simple cuboidal epithelium is {{c1::a single layer of structured square cells}} that {{c1::provide structure and secrete/absorb substances}}Examples i…
Published	09/19/2024	Simple columnar epithelium is {{c1::a single layer of tall cells that usually have cilia/microvilli}} and they {{c1::provide extra surface area as wel…
Published	09/19/2024	Stratified epithelium is {{c1::multiple layers of cells that are constantly dividing and pushed towards the surface}} and they {{c1::provide protectio…
Published	09/19/2024	Transitional epithelium is {{c1::multiple layers of cells that change with cavity volume}} and they {{c1::change organization to quickly adapt to volu…
Published	09/19/2024	Connective tissue consists of {{c1::supportive cells that create an extracellular matrix for cells to adhere to}}
Published	09/19/2024	Connective tissue cells connect to the matrix so {{c1::they can communicate without being attached to one another::reason}}
Published	09/19/2024	Elastin & fibrin work together. Elastin provides {{c1::elasticity}} and fibrillin provides {{c1::structural support & organizes elastin into f…
Published	09/19/2024	Fibronectin {{c1::binds to extracellular matrix proteins (especially integrins)::function}} in order to {{c1::control orientation of collagen fibers}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Collagen I}} is the most common type of collagen and is used for {{c1::structural support}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glycolysis produces cytoplasmic NADH which is moved into the mitochondria using the {{c1::malate-aspartate shuttle}}, or transferred into mitochondria…
Published	09/19/2024	There are 5 protein components of the ETC: {{c1::Complex I-IV and ATP Synthase}}
Published	09/19/2024	There are 2 non-protein components of the ETC: {{c1::Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) & cytochrome C}}
Published	09/19/2024	Oxygen (O2) is {{c1::the final electron acceptor}} in the ETC. It's job is to {{c1::be reduced by complex IV to create water & pump extra hydrogen…
Published	09/19/2024	The path of electrons that originate from NADH:NADH donates electrons to {{c1::Complex I}} → {{c1::CoQ}} → {{c1::Complex III}} → {{c1::cytochrome c}} …
Published	09/19/2024	The path of electrons that originate from FADH2:FADH2 donates electrons to {{c1::Complex II}} → {{c1::CoQ}} → {{c1::Complex III}} → {{c1::cytochr…
Published	09/19/2024	NADH creates {{c1::2.5}} ATPFADH2 creates {{c1::1.5}} ATP
Published	09/19/2024	Complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule includes {{c1::glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, TCA, and ETC}} and yields {{c1::30-32}} ATP
Published	09/19/2024	Pes planus indicates {{c1::a medial arch that's abnormally flattened}}
Published	09/19/2024	Pes cavus indicates {{c1::an abnormally high arch}}
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::Elbows not straight and touching ears and/or dorsal hands not touching}} indicates a positive quick test
Published	09/19/2024	{{c1::A squat above 90 degrees, knees in, or heels up}} indicates a positive squat test
Published	09/19/2024	Scoliosis can be identified in a structural exam by {{c1::unilateral rib elevation}}. If sidebending resolves the abnormality, it indicates {{c1::a fu…
Published	09/19/2024	Pectus excavatum is {{c1::depression of the sternum}}
Published	09/19/2024	Pectus carinatum is {{c1::due to sternal elevation }}
Published	09/19/2024	A normal (negative) hip drop test is indicated by {{c1::the hip dropping more than 20 degrees on the side where the knee is bent and the lumbar spine …
Published	09/19/2024	Iliosacral somatic dysfunction can be tested by PSIS being uneven.If the abnormality remains in a standing bend, the test is positive and indicates {{…
Published	09/19/2024	Ammonia is toxic to the body. It's produced by {{c1::deamination of amino acids}} and {{c1::converted to urea in the liver::destination}}
Published	09/19/2024	Glutamate is produced by {{c1::deamination of amino acids}} and {{c1::can donate an amino group to α-ketoglutarate in transamination reactions::functi…
Published	09/19/2024	Glutamine is synthesized from {{c1::glutamate and ammonia}}, it is {{c1::a form of non-toxic transport for ammonia through the blood::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Aspartate is synthesized from {{c1::glutamate and oxaloacetate}}, it {{c1::contributes 1 nitrogen to the urea cycle::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Oxaloacetate can be converted to aspartate and it {{c1::contributes carbon skeletons to the urea cycle::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	Amino acid synthesis/degradationVitamin B6 function: {{c1:: transaminase}}
Published	09/19/2024	Amino acid synthesis/degradationVitamin B9 function: {{c1::synthesize serine, methionine, & glycine}}
Published	09/19/2024	Amino acid synthesis/degradationVitamin B12 function: {{c1::regenerate methionine & degrade free FA, valine, & isoleucine}}
Published	09/19/2024	Amino acid synthesis/degradationVitamin B1 function: {{c1::oxidative decarboxylation}}
Published	09/19/2024	Amino acid synthesis/degradationVitamin B7 function: {{c1::cofactor for pyruvate to OAA}}
Published	09/19/2024	Amino acid synthesis/degradationVitamin B2 function: {{c1::oxidative deamination (glutamate dehydrogenase)}}
Published	09/19/2024	Amino acid synthesis/degradationVitamin B3 function: {{c1::redox reactions in AA degradation}}
Published	09/19/2024	Essential ketogenic amino acids: {{c1::leucine & lysine}}
Published	09/19/2024	Essential amino acids must be dietarily acquired. There are 9:{{c1:: PhenylalanineValineThreonineTryptophanIsoleucineMethionineHistidineArginineLeucin…
Published	09/19/2024	Ketogenic & glucogenic amino acids:{{c1:: PhenylalanineIsoleucineTryptophanTyrosine}}
Published	09/19/2024	Succinyl CoA can be formed from {{c1::threonine, valine, isoleucine, & methionine}}.
Published	09/19/2024	Non-essential amino acids synthesized from essential AA: {{c1::tyrosine, cysteine}}
Published	09/19/2024	Non-essential amino acids synthesized from α-Keto acids: {{c1::aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, proline, arginine}}
Published	09/19/2024	Non-essential amino acids synthesized from glycolytic intermediates: {{c1::serine, alanine, & glycine}}
Published	09/19/2024	Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a deficiency in {{c1::phenylalanine hydroxylase::enzyme}} leading to {{c1::accumulation of phenylalanine}}Symptoms:…
Published	09/19/2024	Maple syrup urine disease is caused by a deficiency in {{c1::α-Ketoacid dehydrogenase::enzyme}} leading to  {{c1::accumulation of leuci…
Published	09/19/2024	Alkaptonuria is caused by a deficiency in {{c1::homogentistic acid oxidase::enzyme}} leading to {{c1::accumulation of homogentisic acid from tyro…
Published	09/19/2024	Homocystinuria is caused by {{c1::deficiency in cystathionine β-synthase}} that breaks down methionine, leading {{c1::to build up of homocysteine…
Published	09/19/2024	Tyrosinemia I is caused by {{c1::deficiency in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase}}Symptoms: {{c1::liver & kidney failure}}
Published	09/19/2024	Degredation of gluco & ketogenic amino acids can lead to 7 products:{{c1::Pyruvate}}{{c1::OAA}}{{c1::α-Ketoglutarate}}{{c1::Succinyl CoA}}{{c1::Fu…
Published	09/19/2024	Deaminases {{c1::remove an amino group from an AA, producing ammonia::function}}
Published	09/19/2024	CPSI is activated by {{c1::N-acetylglutamate (NAG)}}, which is synthesized using arginine and inhibited by {{c1::H+ in acidosis}}
Published	09/19/2024	There are 5 reactions in the urea cycle; steps {{c1::1 & 2}} occur in the mitochondria, {{c1::3, 4, & 5}} occur in the cytosol. It u…
Published	09/19/2024	In the 5th step of the urea cycle {{c1::ornithine accepts a carbamoyl group and is transported back into the mitochondria}}
Published	09/19/2024	Data categoriesNominal: {{c1::categorical data that has distinct groups}}Ordinal: {{c1::categorical data that can be ranked}}
Published	09/19/2024	Data categoriesDiscrete: {{c1::numerical data that is in whole numbers only (ex: number of stairs)}}Continuous: {{c1::numerical data that is on a spec…
Published	09/19/2024	Data categoriesInterval: {{c1::No true zero (ex: temperature)}}Ratio: {{c1::A true zero value (ex: weight)}}
Published	09/19/2024	Data categoriesParametric: {{c1::normal data distribution}}Non-parametric: {{c1::random data distribution}}
Published	09/19/2024	Data parameter susceptibility to outliersMean: {{c1::sensitive}}Range: {{c1::sensitive}}Median: {{c1::resistant}}Mode: {{c1::not affected}}
Published	09/19/2024	Data variance tells you {{c1::how "spread out" data points are in relation to the mean}}
Published	09/19/2024	Standard deviation tells you {{c1::how spread out the data is in relation to the units measured in the data set}}
Status	Last Update	Fields