Notes in 01_Venous Thromboembolism

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)}} is {{c2::a fatal condition involving blood clots (thrombi) developing in the venous circulation secondary to…
Published	02/10/2024	Venous thrombi are made up of {{c1::Fibrin}} and {{c1::RBCs}}
Published	02/10/2024	Arterial thrombi are made up of {{c1::Fibrin}} and {{c1::Platelets}}
Published	02/10/2024	Meaning of Provoked and Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism (VTE){{c1::Unprovoked (i.e. no risk factors: cancer, surgery, immobility, infection)}}{…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)}} {{c1::Unilateral}} {{c1::Calf or leg swelling}} {{c1::Dilated superficial veins}} {{c1::Tenderness …
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Pulmonary Embolism (PE)}} {{c1::Tachypnoea}} {{c1::Tachycardia}}{{c1::Decreased oxygen saturation}} {{c1::Sudden onset of shortn…
Published	02/10/2024	Pathogenesis of Venous thromboembolism{{c1::Formation of a Clot due to multiple factors (remember Virchow’s Triad) usually in the lower limbs (Deep Ve…
Published	02/10/2024	Virchow’s Triad describesChanges in the {{c1::blood vessel wall}} Changes in the {{c1::blood constituents}} Changes in the {{c1::pattern of blood flow…
Published	02/10/2024	Risk Factors of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)(Virchow’s Triad) {{c1::Changes in the blood vessel wallInflammationPrevious thrombosisAtherosclerosis}} …
Published	02/10/2024	Approach to Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism {{c1::CXR (look for differentials e.g. pneumonia)}} {{c1::Pre-Test Probability Scoring (Wells Score)If Wel…
Published	02/10/2024	When suspecting Pulmonary Embolism, if the Wells Score is {{c1::≤ 4}} then the next step should be {{c2::D-dimer}}
Published	02/10/2024	When suspecting Pulmonary Embolism, if the Wells Score is {{c1::> 4}} then the next step should be {{c2::CTPA}}
Published	02/10/2024	Approach to Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis {{c1::Pre-Test Probability Scoring (Wells Score)If Wells Score ≥2 then imaging (whole-leg doppler ultras…
Published	02/10/2024	When suspecting Deep Vein Thrombosis, if the Wells Score is {{c1::< 2}} then the next step should be {{c2::D-dimer}}
Published	02/10/2024	When suspecting Deep Vein Thrombosis, if the Wells Score is {{c1::≥ 2}} then the next step should be {{c2::Whole-leg doppler ultrasound}}
Published	02/10/2024	Wells Score for Deep Vein Thrombosis {{c1::Active cancer 1}} {{c1::Bedridden recently >3 days or major surgery within 12 weeks 1}} {{c1::Calf swell…
Published	02/10/2024	Wells Score for Pulmonary Embolism {{c1::Signs and symptoms of DVT (i.e. leg swelling and pain) 3}} {{c1::PE is the top or one of the top differential…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Ventilation-Perfusion (VQ) scan}} is an investigation for Pulmonary Embolisms (PEs) that is done in Pregnancy instead of CTPA to avoid radi…
Published	02/10/2024	Investigate for Recurrent VTEs by doing blood tests for {{c1::antiphospholipid antibodies}}
Published	02/10/2024	Prophylactic Treatment of Suspected Venous Thromboembolism {{c1::Consider compression stockings for DVTs}} {{c1::Consider low molecular weight heparin…
Published	02/10/2024	Contraindications of Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH){{c1::Active bleeding}}{{c1::Existing anticoagulation with warfarin or DOAC}}
Published	02/10/2024	First-line Treatment of Confirmed Deep Vein Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism{{c1::Anticoagulation with Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) e.g. Apixaba…
Published	02/10/2024	If DOACs are contraindicated for Confirmed Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)Use {{c1::Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH)}} followed by {{c1::Warfarin}} fo…
Published	02/10/2024	Contraindications of Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs){{c1::Liver disease}}{{c1::Malignancy}}{{c1::Antiphospholipid syndrome}}{{c1::Metallic hea…
Published	02/10/2024	First-line Anticoagulant Therapy in Pregnancy is {{c1::Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) e.g. Dalteparin, Enoxaparin}}
Published	02/10/2024	First-line Anticoagulant Therapy of Antiphospholipid Syndrome is {{c1::Warfarin}}
Published	02/10/2024	For Massive and Life-Threatening Pulmonary Embolism patients are given {{c1::Thrombolysis using Alteplase}}
Published	02/10/2024	If thrombolysis is contraindicated for Massive and Life-Threatening Pulmonary Embolism then patients undergo {{c1::Pulmonary …
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