Notes in 1- Imaging

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Published	02/10/2024	An {{c1::X-Ray}} is an electromagnetic packet of energy with an extremely short wavelength between 0.1 and 10 nanometres
Published	02/10/2024	Composition of an Atom:– Mass number (A) = p + n – Atomic number (Z) = p – Nucleus (gamma rays) – Electrons → low mass, -ve charge • {{c1::Outer}}&nbs…
Published	02/10/2024	How does an X-Ray Tube function?
Published	02/10/2024	What does the intensity of X-Rays depend on?
Published	02/10/2024	Explain the three X-Ray Interactions with Matter
Published	02/10/2024	What is Attenuation? What factors affect it?
Published	02/10/2024	Attenuation Coefficients→ Attenuation varies due to three factors:[1] {{c1::Z (atomic number)}} [2] {{c1::density}} [3] {{c1::thickness}}
Published	02/10/2024	What is an x-ray film composed of?
Published	02/10/2024	What is ultrasound?
Published	02/10/2024	What is Barium and how is it used in radiography?
Published	02/10/2024	What are the complications associated with Barium usage?
Published	02/10/2024	What is Computed Tomography (CT)?
Published	02/10/2024	What are the applications of Computed Tomography (CT)?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Radiation}} is the process of emitting energy, in the form of either particles or waves.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Ionising radiation}} refers to a particle or wave with sufficient energy to ‘ionise’ a neutral atom or molecule, and leave them with either a po…
Published	02/10/2024	Describe different types of radiation and their ability to penetrate different materials.i.e. paper & human hand & concrete
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Sievert}} is a unit that is used for describing the absorption of radiation by the human body.
Published	02/10/2024	Sources of Background Radiation
Published	02/10/2024	Exposure to radiation (X-Ray vs CT) comparison and how it might potentially be a risk of cancer.
Published	02/10/2024	What are the three possibilities that could happen when ionising radiation strikes a cell?
Published	02/10/2024	What can we do to minimise exposure to radiation?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)}} is a radiography technique that doesn't use ionising radiation, in contrast with CT scans.→ Shows tissue in h…
Published	02/10/2024	Conventional Diagnostic Modalities do not require computing technologye.g. {{c1::Endoscopy}} & {{c1::Barium examinations}}
Published	02/10/2024	Clinical Investigations using Barium:• {{c1::Barium Swallow and meal}} - oesophagus, stomach and duodenum→ fast for 4-6 hrs• {{c1::Barium follow-throu…
Published	02/10/2024	Barium meal vs Barium enemaWhat are the differences in terms of Radiation dose?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hounsfield Units}} are attenuation values of voxels that are expressed as a CT number which relates the attenuation value to that of water.→ Ran…
Published	02/10/2024	What is the difference between a pixel and a voxel on a reconstructed CT scan image?
Published	02/10/2024	CT - usage of contrast agentsRoute of administration:[1] {{c1::Oral}}→ dilute iodine based contrast (gastrografin)[2] {{c1::Intravenous}}→ iodine base…
Published	02/10/2024	How is CT imaging used in Cancer for Diagnosis and Staging?
Published	02/10/2024	How is imaging used in Cancer for treatment?
Published	02/10/2024	CT scans - Radiation Dose{{c1::Sievert}} (mSv) → measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body• Chest→ 8 mSv• Abd…
Published	02/10/2024	What is the principle of ALARA?
Published	02/10/2024	How does an MRI work?
Published	02/10/2024	What are the Advantages of MRI?• {{c1::Bone, soft tissue detail}}• {{c1::Vessel demonstration}}• {{c1::Evaluation of brain & spine & musculosk…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the Disadvantages of MRI?• {{c1::Claustrophobic and noisy}}• {{c1::Motion artefact}}• {{c1::Cannot image patients with pacemakers, aneurysm c…
Published	02/10/2024	MRI - contrast agents {{c1::Gadolinium DTPA}} is an intravenous contrast medium which causes changes in local magnetic field and so alters the t…
Published	02/10/2024	What is cancer screening?
Published	02/10/2024	WHO principles of screening: The condition should be an important health problem. There should be a latent stage of the disease. There should be a …
Published	02/10/2024	One method of screening with imaging for breast cancer is {{c1::mammography}} screening
Published	02/10/2024	Principles behind screening:• Test should detect disease at an early stage where treatment can alter outcome• Test should cause no harm• Test should h…
Published	02/10/2024	Levels of Artifical Intelligence
Published	02/10/2024	Artifical Intelligence in its simplest form depends upon human based sets of rules.e.g. Rule-based engine
Published	02/10/2024	Machine Learning is a complex type of Artifical Intelligence that is based around pattern-recognition.e.g. Neural Networks
Published	02/10/2024	Deep Learning is the most complex form of Artifical Intelligence where the machine self learns, without any need of human supervision.e.g. Deep n…
Published	02/10/2024	How can Artifical Intelligence be used in combination with radiography?
Published	02/10/2024	Regional application of Artifical Intelligence
Published	02/10/2024	What is molecular imaging?
Published	02/10/2024	What's the difference between Radiography and Radionuclide imaging?
Published	02/10/2024	What is Gamma radiation?
Published	02/10/2024	What are radiopharmaceuticals?
Published	02/10/2024	What are the properties of an ideal isotope?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Technecium99m (Tc-99m)}} is the most readily used radioisotope, a meta stable isotope.The pharmaceutical is chosen depending upon the area …
Published	02/10/2024	Radioisotope is bound to areas that have osteoblasts.It starts emitting gamma rays as it decays.This is the image produced on the gamma cameradarker a…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the factors that affect image quality in a gamma camera?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)}} is a radiography technique where gamma cameras rotate around the area of interest, usually …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Positron Emission Tomography (PET)}} is an advanced molecular imaging technique.Features: • uses radionuclides that decay by positron emiss…
Published	02/10/2024	Why is 18F used as a radionuclide in PET scans?
Published	02/10/2024	Why is the patient asked to remain calm, not talk, and stay still when administering 18F for PET scans?
Published	02/10/2024	Inflammation under PET scan – {{c1::rheumatoid arthritis}}
Published	02/10/2024	Inflammation under PET scan - {{c1::aortitis (Giant cell arteritis or Takayasu’s)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Inflammation under PET CT scan – {{c1::ulcerative colitis}}→ areas shown in false-color as bright red imply excessive metabolic activity
Published	02/10/2024	Why is cancer much more prominent and clearly shown under PET scans?
Published	02/10/2024	What are the risks and benefits behind radiation?
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