Notes in 02InnateIMU

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::epithelial barrier}} is a physical barrier to infections.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Defensins and calthelicidins::Two locally produced antibiotics}} are natural antibiotics of the skin and membranes which cause toxicity to micro…
Published	07/30/2024	Killing of microbes and infected cells in epithelial barriers is done by {{c1::intraepithelial lymphocytes or ILCs::type of lymphocyte}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inflammatory macrophages::Type of macrophage}} can last from days to weeks while {{c1::Tissue resident macrophages:: Type of macrophag…
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophils are concerned with the {{c1::rapid:: rapid/prolonged}} ingestion of microbes, while macrophages are concered with the {{c1::prol…
Published	07/30/2024	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are more prominent in {{c1::neutrophils::neutrophils/macrophages}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Degranulation is a major response of {{c1::neutrophils::neutrophils/macrophages}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The major functional activity of {{c1::macrophages::neutrophils/macrophages}} is cytokine production.
Published	07/30/2024	True or False: Macrophages can also act as antigen-presenting cells.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dendritic Cells have {{c1::direct::direct/indirect}} effect on naïve T cell differentiation into distinct types of effector cells
Published	07/30/2024	Mast cells generally synthesize and secrete two types of substances, namely: {{c1::Lipid mediators and Cytokines.}}
Published	07/30/2024	TLR ligands can induce mast cell degranulation. {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) are also considered as lymphocytes. {{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Major known functions of ILCs1. IFN-y: for defense against {{c1::viruses}}2. IL-5 and IL-13: for defense against {{c1::helminths and allergic inflamma…
Published	07/30/2024	NK cells communicate with another cell of innate immunity which is the {{c1::macrophages.}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::soluble effector molecules}} bind to microbes and act as opsonins and enhance the ability of macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytose the …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C3a::C3a/C3b}} stimulates inflammation while {{c2::C3b::C3a/C3b}} initiates the late steps of complement activation.
Published	07/30/2024	Pathways of the Complement SystemThe {{c1::classical pathway::pathway name}} is part of the {{c2::adaptive immune system::type of immune system}} whil…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::classical::classical/alternative/lectin}} pathway uses a plasma protein called {{c2::C1q}} to detect antibodies bound to the surface of a mi…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::lectin::classical/alternative/lectin}} pathway is triggered by a plasma protein called {{c2::mannose-binding lectin (MBL)}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In the lectin pathway, after the two zymogens {{c1::MASP1 and MASP2::name}} successfully associate with MBL, the pathway will proceed identically with…
Published	07/30/2024	The innate immune system eliminates damaged cells and initiates the process of tissue repair. {{c1::True::[T/F]}}
Published	07/30/2024	Different PAMPs expressed by different types of microbes:Viruses: {{c1::nucleic acids}}Gram-negative bacteria {{c1::cell wall lipids (LPS)}}Gram-posit…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Damage-associated molecular patterns}} ({{c1::DAMPs}}) are endogenous molecules produced by or released from damaged and dying cells recog…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alarmins}} are molecules that are subset of DAMPs. Their presence outside cells alarms the immune system that something is causing cell d…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pattern recognition receptors}} are the cellular receptors for pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns.
Published	07/30/2024	Two potential locations of toll-like receptors (TLRs): {{c1::cell surface}}, {{c1::endosomal membranes}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inflammation}} is a nonspecific defense and healing mechanism by the body to tissue damage or infection, a tissue reaction that delivers&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	Recognition-Sentinel Cells{{c1::Dendritic Cells}} are antigen-presenting cells that present pathogenic microorganisms to our body via {{c2::Damaged-as…
Published	07/30/2024	Endothelial cells express {{c1::E-selectin::adhesion molecule}} and {{c1::P-selectin::adhesion molecule}} in response to TNF and IL-1
Published	07/30/2024	Rolling of LeukocytesEndothelial cells contain selectins, carbohydrate-binding (or lectin) property of molecules):{{c1::P}}-selectin – platelet-derive…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toll-like receptors (TLRs)}} recognize products of a wide variety of microbes, as well as molecules expressed or released by stressed and dyin…
Published	07/30/2024	TLRs contain {{c1::leucine::amino acid}}-rich repeat motifs flocked by characteristic {{c1::cystine}}-rich motifs in their extracellular reg…
Published	07/30/2024	TLR recognition of microbial ligands results in the activation of several signaling pathways and ultimately transcription factors. {{c1::True::[T/F]}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cell surface receptors {{c2::TLR1}}, {{c2::TLR2}}, {{c2::TLR5}}, {{c2::TLR6}} use adaptor protein {{c1::MyD88}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adaptor proteins}} are essential molecules that influence transcription of signals; facilitates the interaction between the protein and the ge…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR3::Toll-like receptor}} uses the adaptor protein {{c2::TRIF}}, which activates {{c3::IRF}} transcription leading to the antiviral state of th…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR4::Toll-like receptor}} can activate both MyD88 and TRIF pathways, thus it can induce both {{c2::acute inflammation::effect}} and an {{c2::an…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR7::Endosomal TLRs}} and {{c1::TLR9::Endosomal TLRs}} use {{c2::MyD88}}, activating both {{c3::NF-kB}} and {{c3::IRF7}} at the same time.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::NOD-like receptors (NLRs)}} are a family of more than 20 different cytosolic proteins, some of which recognize PAMPs and DAMPs and recrui…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::STING (stimulator of IFN genes)}} pathway is an important mechanism of {{c2::dsDNA}}-induced activation of type 1 interferon responses.
Published	07/30/2024	In the STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, {{c1::cGAS::enzyme}} catalyzes synthesis of different signaling molecules (e.g. {{c2::cGMP}} or {{c2::2'3'…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::RIG-like receptors (RLRs)}} are cytosolic sensors of {{c2::viral RNA}} that respond by inducing the production of antiviral type I interferons…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cytokines}} are inflammatory proteins for signaling the cell that there is a problem, leading to acute inflammation.
Published	07/30/2024	Activation of the {{c1::NLRP3}} inflammasome within the cytoplasm signals {{c2::Pro-IL1β}} transcription to activate {{c3::interleukin 1::cytokine}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Inflammasome activation leads to programmed cell death of macrophages and dendritic cells called {{c1::pyroptosis}}. The mechanism is {{c2::not …
Published	07/30/2024	A key feature of pyroptosis is the capsase-mediated cleavage of a protein called {{c2::gasdermin D}}, which leads to formation of membrane pores.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C-type lectin receptors::PAMP receptor}} recognize carbohydrates on the surface of microbes. They are found on the surfaces of macrophages, dend…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dectin receptors}} are expressed on dendritic cells macrophages. They line the mucosal membrane and  play roles in antifungal immunity and …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Langerin (CD207) and {{c1::DC-Sign (CD209)}} receptors are also known as {{c2::scavenger receptors}}. They are expressed on dendritic cells and …
Published	07/30/2024	Firm AdhesionLeukocytes express the integrins {{c1::LFA-1}} and {{c1::VLA-4}}. Once integrins are by expressed, they attach to {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Chemokines are responsible for calling in the neutrophils {{c1::TRUE (Call in neutrophils + stimulate motility of leukocytes::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.L- Selectin (CD62L)Expression:Constitutively expressed on: {{c3::Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.E- Selectin (CD62E)Expression:Inducible expressed on {{c3::endothelial cells::cells}} by {{c4::infla…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.P- Selectin (CD62P)Expression:Released from {{c2::endothelial cells::cells}} and {{c2::platelet…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.E-Selectin (CD62E)Ligands:Sialyl Lewis X on {{c2::CLA-1::glycoprotein}} and other glycoproteins…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.P-Selectin (CD62P)Ligands:Sialyl Lewis X on {{c2::PSGL-1::glycoprotein}} and other glycoproteins
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.P-Selectin (CD62P)Sources of Ligands:{{c2::Neutrophil, Monocyte, Effector and Memory T cel…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.P-Selectin (CD62P)Function:Alter {{c2::leukocyte::cell}} functions: (a) Superoxide production, …
Published	07/30/2024	Your body can remain in an inflammatory state indefinitely without it leading to other pathogenic diseases. {{c1::False::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intracellular Enzymes (produced mainly within lysosomes and phagolysosomes) act on ingested microbes but do NOT damage the phagocytes {{c1::True:…
Published	07/30/2024	cytokines for innate immunity {{c1::Interferons}} is/are responsible for antiviral action
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6::Interleukin}} is/are responsible for the synthesis of acute phase reactants in the {{c2::liver}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute phase reactants from the liver}} stimulates neutrophil production in the bone marrow and IL-7 differentiation into helper T cells
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Interleukin-10::Interleukin}} is responsible for the inhibition of the inflammatory response and innate immune response
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tissue Necrosis factor}} is/are the mediator/s of the acute inflammatory response to bacteria and other infectious microbes or microorganisms&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TNF-β::TNF-α/TNF-β}} is also called lymphotoxin
Published	07/30/2024	During infections, the VLB of local sites are affected. VLB stands for {{c1::Vascular endothelial cells Leukocytes Bone marrow}}
Published	07/30/2024	In particular {{c1::TNF, IL-1, and IL-6::cytokine/s}} is/are responsible for local and systemic inflammation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} TNF and IL-1 inhibit the expression of IL-6
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type I::Type I/Type II}} Interferons activate gene transcriptions that can induce the antiviral state
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Type II::Type I/Type II}} Interferons mainly signal the adaptive immune system that a virus is present
Published	07/30/2024	When Interferons bind to neighboring uninfected cells, they activate the {{c1::jak-stat signaling}} pathway
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Interferons induce gene expressions that can make cells more susceptible to T cytotoxic mediated killing
Published	07/30/2024	Microbial evasion of Innate Immunity{{c1::pneumococci::organism}} resist phagocytoses via {{c2::Capsular polysaccharide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Microbial evasion of Innate Immunity{{c1::Staphylococci::organism}} resists to reactive oxygen species via {{c2::Production of catalase}}
Published	07/30/2024	Microbial evasion of Innate Immunity{{c1::Neisseria meningitidis::organism}} resists the Complement System via {{c2::Sialic acid expression inhibits C…
Published	07/30/2024	Microbial evasion of Innate Immunity {{c1::Streptococci}}  resist the Complement System via {{c2::M protein blocks C3 binding to organism and C3…
Published	07/30/2024	Microbial evasion of Innate Immunity{{c1::Pseudomonas::organism}} resists antimicrobial peptide antibiotics via {{c2::Synthesis of modified LPS t…
Published	07/30/2024	the Two signal hypothesis for lymphocyte activation requires the presence of {{c1::(1) antigens and (2) by-products during the innate immune response:…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} B cells can proliferate and differentiate from the mere recognition of an antigen.
Published	07/30/2024	List the cardinal signs of inflammation (5) {{c1::Calor – heat or warmth Rubor – redness; erythema Tumor – swelling Dolor – pain Functio Laesa – lo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR-2::TLR}} Recognizes several glycolipids and peptidoglycans that are made by gram positive bacteria and parasites
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR-3::TLR}} Specific for double stranded RNA
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR-4::TLR}} Specific for a bacterial LPS (endotoxin), made by gram negative bacteria
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR-5::TLR}} Specific for a bacterial flagellar protein called flagellin
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR-7 & TLR-8::TLR}} Specific for Single Stranded RNA
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TLR-9::TLR}} Recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mast cells::cells}} contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and proteolytic enzymes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::NK cells::cells}} produces IFN-γ which stimulates macrophages to kill microbes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Macrophages}} have a life span that is {{c4::longer:: longer/shorter }}compared to neutrophils.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cytosolic DNA sensors (CDSs)}} are molecules that detect microbial double-stranded (ds) DNA in the cytosol and activate signaling pathways tha…
Published	07/30/2024	Recognition-Sentinel Cells{{c1::Resident Macrophages}} are phagocytes that stay in certain sites of the body (e.g., intestines, airways). If they reco…
Published	07/30/2024	Inflammasomes particularly generate and activate forms of inflammatory cytokines {{c1::IL-1B}} and {{c1::IL-18}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.L-Selectin (CD62L)Ligands:Sialyl Lewis X / PNAs on {{c2::GlyCAM-1, CD34, MAdCAM-1::3 ligands}}, etc.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::TNF (tumor necrosis factor alpha)}} and {{c1::IL-1 (interleukin 1)}} are cytokines that act on the endothelium of venules near the site of infec…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C5b::C5a/C5b}} will be part of the membrane attack complex (MAC) while {{c1::C5a::C5a/C5b}} will be involved for inflammation.
Published	07/30/2024	Rolling of LeukocytesPhagocytes express surface carbohydrates that bind to the {{c1::selectins::adhesion molecule}}, This leads to the rolling of…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.E-Selectin (CD62E)Function:Support adhesion of {{c2::neutrophils::cells}} and subsets of {{c2::T cel…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.E-Selectin (CD62E)Sources of Ligands:{{c2::Neutrophil, Monocyte, Effector and Memory T cel…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the SELECTIN or PROPERTY being described.L-Selectin (CD62L)Function:{{c2::Leukocyte margination::function}} and {{c2::tethering to endotheliu…
Status	Last Update	Fields