Notes in 01_Heart Failure (Acute, Chronic, HFpEF, HFrEF)

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Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Heart failure}} describes {{c2::cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the body’s demands}}
Published 02/10/2024 Presentation of {{c2::Heart Failure}} {{c1::Breathlessness worsened by exertion}} {{c1::Peripheral oedema}} {{c1::Cough with frothy white/pink sputum}…
Published 02/10/2024 Pathophysiology of Heart Failure{{c1::Chronic heart failure is essentially the chronic version of acute heart failure. It is caused by either imp…
Published 02/10/2024 Causes of Left Ventricular Failure {{c1::Ischaemic Heart Disease}} {{c1::Valvular Heart Disease (commonly aortic stenosis)}} {{c1::Hypertension}}…
Published 02/10/2024 Causes of Right Ventricular Failure (Cor Pulmonale) {{c1::Chronic lung disease (e.g. COPD, interstitial lung disease, cystic fibrosis)}} {{c1::Pulmona…
Published 02/10/2024 Pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale{{c1::Cor pulmonale describes right sided heart failure caused by respiratory disease. The increas…
Published 02/10/2024 Presentation of {{c2::Cor Pulmonale}} {{c1::Shortness of breath (main presenting complaint)}} {{c1::Peripheral oedema}} {{c1::Syncope}} {{c1::Chest pa…
Published 02/10/2024 Signs on Examination of Cor Pulmonale {{c1::Hypoxia}} {{c1::Cyanosis}} {{c1::Raised JVP (due to a back-log of blood in the jugular veins)}} {{c1:…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)/Diastolic heart failure}} involves {{c2::normal heart pumping but with decreased filling …
Published 02/10/2024 Presentation of {{c2::Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)}} {{c1::Exertional dyspnoea}} {{c1::Orthopnoea/Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspn…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c1::Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)/Systolic heart failure}} involves {{c2::decreased pumping function of the heart (LVEF ≤ 40%…
Published 02/10/2024 Presentation of {{c2::Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)}} {{c1::Exertional dyspnoea}} {{c1::Orthopnoea/Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoe…
Published 02/10/2024 Monitor {{c1::U&Es}} in heart failure especially if the patient is taking common medications such as {{c2::ACE inhibitors}}, {{c2::beta blockers}}…
Published 02/10/2024 Signs of CXR in {{c2::Heart Failure}}Remembered as {{c1::ABCDEF}} {{c1::Alveolar oedema}} {{c1::B lines/Septal linesS}} {{c1::Cardiomegaly}} {{c1::Dil…
Published 02/10/2024 Diagnosis of Chronic Heart Failure{{c1::Clinical presentation}}{{c1::BNP blood test (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: NT‑proBNP)}}{{c1::Echo…
Published 02/10/2024 Normal {{c1::BNP}} blood test rules out heart failure
Published 02/10/2024 If a patient with suspected heart failure has {{c1::raised}} NT-proBNP then refer for {{c2::echocardiogram}}
Published 02/10/2024 Findings of Heart Failure on Echocardiogram{{c1::HFpEF (normal EF with impaired diastolic function)}}{{c1::HFrEF (reduced EF <40%)}}
Published 02/10/2024 Criteria for Classification of Dyspnoea is {{c1::New York Heart Association (NYHA)}}
Published 02/10/2024 Criteria for Diagnosis of {{c2::Chronic Heart Failure}} is {{c1::Framingham Criteria (two major or one major + two minor)}}
Published 02/10/2024 What is B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)?{{c1::BNP is a hormone released from the heart ventricles that indicates that the heart is overloaded with bl…
Published 02/10/2024 What is the main measure of left ventricular function?{{c1::The main measure of Left Ventricular Function is ejection fractionThis describes the perce…
Published 02/10/2024 Treatment of Acute Heart Failure {{c1::ABCDE assessment}} {{c1::Treat reversible causes (e.g. sepsis, arrhythmias, MIs)}} {{c1::IV diuretics (monitor …
Published 02/10/2024 Treatment of Chronic Heart FailureRemembered as {{c1::ABALAI}}Start with: {{c1::ACE inhibitor (e.g. ramipril up to 10mg)}} {{c1::Beta Block…
Published 02/10/2024 {{c2::Ivabradine}} is a heart failure medication that is contraindicated in {{c1::Atrial fibrillation}} and {{c1::RHR >70 beats/min}}
Published 02/10/2024 Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)Nonacute: {{c1::treat hypertension and hyperlipidaemia}} Acute with overload: {{c1…
Published 02/10/2024 Medications to avoid in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) if >65 yrs {{c1::Spironolactone}} {{c1::ARBs}} {{c1::Nitrates}} {{c1…
Published 02/10/2024 Management of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) {{c1::ACEI/ARB and Beta blocker (e.g. bisoprolol)}} {{c1::Spironolactone}} {{c1::Re…
Published 02/10/2024 Medications to avoid in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF){{c1::Calcium channel blockers (e.g. verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine) sho…
Published 02/10/2024 First-line Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure {{c1::ACE inhibitors (e.g. Ramipril: caution with valvular heart disease or use ARB)}} {{c1::Beta-blocke…
Published 02/10/2024 Second-line Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure{{c1::Aldosterone antagonist (e.g. Spironolactone)}}
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