Notes in 04 Basal Nuclei

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the plane and two brain regions divded{{c1::Coronal PlaneAnterior → Posterior  }}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the plane and brain regions being divided{{c1::Transverse/Cross-sectionalRostral (superior) → Caudal (inferior)}}
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Published	07/30/2024	Three basal nuclei structures that are collectively called corpus striatum {{c1::Caudate nucleus PutamenGlobus pallidus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basal nuclei structures that make up the neostriatum {{c1::Caudate nucleusPutamen}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basal nuclei structures that is a part of paleostriatum {{c1::Globus pallidus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basal Nuclei structures that composes the lenticular nucleus{{c1::PutamenGlobus pallidus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basal Nuclei structures that make up the ventral striatum {{c1::Nucleus accumbensOlfactory tubercle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basal nuclei structure/s that make up the ventral pallidum {{c1::Substantia innominata}}
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Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::caudate}} is lateral to your lateral ventricle
Published	07/30/2024	This is the point where the putamen is continuous with the head of the caudate{{c1::Nucleus accumbens}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. ACHase -rich1. Patches (striosomes)2. Matrix{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Large amounts of neuropeptides and opiate receptors1. Patches2. Matrix{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of cells in Basal nuclei that is affected in Huntington's disease{{c1::Medium spiny neurons & ACH-containing neurons throughout the striatal …
Published	07/30/2024	Most (up to 95%) of the neurons in the neostriatum are {{c1::medium spiny neurons::What type of neurons}}
Published	07/30/2024	In striatal connections, the {{c1::putamen}} receives MOST input from cerebral cortex
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Cerebral cortex1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Subthalamic Nuclei1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Thalamus1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Putamen1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Caudate1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Globus pallidus1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Striatal complex components Limbic SystemA. Amygdaloid complex , Hippocampal formationB. Frontal cortexC. Prefrontal & Orbitofrontal cor…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Striatal complex components Motor loopA. Amygdaloid complex , Hippocampal formationB. Frontal cortexC. Prefrontal & Orbitofrontal c…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Striatal complex components Executive loopA. Amygdaloid complex , Hippocampal formationB. Frontal cortexC. Prefrontal & Orbitofront…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Striatal complex components Motivational Loop / Reward systemA. Amygdaloid complex , Hippocampal formationB. Frontal cortexC. Prefronta…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Medullary Lamina}} separates the Globus Pallidus from the Putamen
Published	07/30/2024	What is the function of substantia inominata of Pallidal Complex ?{{c1::Modulation of motor movement}}
Published	07/30/2024	Divides globus pallidus into a larger lateral and smaller medial segment{{c1::Internal pallidal lamina}}
Published	07/30/2024	Signals coming from the Pallidal system are always {{c1::INHIBITORY::Excitatory or Inhibitory}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Integrated to indirect pathway only 1. Globus pallidus interna2. Globus pallidus externa{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Region of the substantia nigra that carries most of the dopamine going in the caudate and putamen{{c1::SN Compacta}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Located posteriorly/dorsally1. SN Compacta2. SN Reticulata{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Part of the direct and indirect pathways1. SN Compacta2. SN Reticulata{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Net excitatory to movement1. Direct pathway2. Indirect pathway {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Difference between Direct and indirect pathway is detour in {{c1::SN}} and {{c1::GP externa}} in the indirect pathway
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Published	07/30/2024	QC. Excitatory input of VA/VL of thalamus1. Direct pathway2. Indirect pathway{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Direct pathway 2. GP interna acitivty {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Tonic effect of GP interna on Thalamus1. Excitatory2. Inhibitory {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Increased activity GP interna for increased inhibition of thalamus 1. Direct pathway 2. Indirect pathway{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Indirect pathway 1. Subthalamic nuclei2. GP interna{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Indirect pathway 1. Subthalamic nuclei activity2. VA/VL thalamus activity{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Direct pathway loop {{c1::Cortex }}→ {{c2::Striatum}} → {{c1::GP internal}} & {{c1::SnPr}} → {{c2::VA/VL Thalamus}} → {{c1::Cortex}}
Published	07/30/2024	Indirect pathway loop {{c1::Cortex}} → {{c2::Striatum}} → {{c1::GP externa}} → {{c2::Subthalamic nuclei}} → {{c1::GP interna}} → {{c2::VA/VL Thal…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Acitivity of GP externa in indirect pathway 1. Increased2. Decreased{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the basal nuclei circuitry, which three structures ONLY produce excitatory NT{{c1::Cerebral cortexSubthalamic nucleusThalamus}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Mesolimbic and mesocortical1. D1 receptor of SN2. D2 receptor of SN{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Utilized in direct pathway1. D1 receptors of substantia nigra2. D2 receptors of substantia nigra{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Utilized in indirect pathway1. D1 receptors of substantia nigra2. D2 receptors of substantia nigra{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Direct pathway1. Substantia nigra pars compacta activity 2. Striatum activity {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR. Indirect pathway1. Substantia nigra pars compacta activity 2. Striatum activity {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Increased::Increased or decreased}} basal ganglia output could translate into less movement through inhibition of thalamocortical projection neu…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Reduced::Increased or reduced}} basal ganglia output could translate into increased movement because of disinhibition of GPi and SNr
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Basal nuclei connectionsCognitiveA. Executive Loop B. Motivational Loop C. Visuomotor LoopD. Motor Loop{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Basal nuclei connectionsReward systemA. Executive Loop B. Motivational Loop C. Visuomotor LoopD. Motor Loop{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Basal nuclei connectionsCoordinates eye movementsA. Executive Loop B. Motivational Loop C. Visuomotor LoopD. Motor Loop{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	Three type of neurons involved in executive loop {{c1::Dopaminergic neuronsCholinergic neuronsGlutamatergic neurons}}
Published	07/30/2024	Executive Loop Pathway {{c1::Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Posterior parietal cortex}} → {{c2::Caudate nucleus}} → {{c1::GP interna and…
Published	07/30/2024	Medical condition disorders that are treated in relation to motivational loop {{c1::SchizophreniaDementia Patients with affective and emotio…
Published	07/30/2024	84b0588d73d64037a49c975aeea7509c-oa-1
Published	07/30/2024	84b0588d73d64037a49c975aeea7509c-oa-2
Published	07/30/2024	Basal nuclei structure in reward pathway that is directly activated by dopamine NT from ventral tegmental area{{c1::Nucleus accumbens}}
Published	07/30/2024	e4318b2539c44274ab2fd0919de5f392-oa-1
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Published	07/30/2024	QC. Increased indirect pathway1. Hypokinetic2. Hyperkinetic {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Increased direct pathway1. Hypokinetic2. Hyperkinetic {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Globus Pallidus Interna activity 2. Movement {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Bradykinesia1. Increased antagonistic muscle activity2. Decreased agonistic muscle activity {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Problem with initiation of movement1. Akinesia2. Bradykinesia{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Patient with hemiballismus has associated {{c1::contralateral subthalamic nucleus::basal nuclei structure}} lesion
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Hyperkinetic disturbancesContinuous writhing of distal portions of one or more extremitiesA. Hemiballismus B. ChoreaC. Athetosis{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Hyperkinetic disturbancesUncontrolled flinging (ballistic) movements of a limbA. Hemiballismus B. ChoreaC. Athetosis{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Hyperkinetic disturbancesRapid, irregular, involuntary, dance-like movements that flow randomly from one body region to anotherA. Hemiballismus&n…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Clinical manfiestation will disappear in sleep1. Movement disorder2. Seizure{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Hemiballismus2. GPi activity {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::tic}} is a sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization
Published	07/30/2024	Four major cardinal symptoms of Parkinson's Disease{{c1::TremorRigidityAkinesia or BradykinesiaPostural instability}}
Published	07/30/2024	Degenerative condition of the brain associated with motor symptoms (slow movement, tremor, rigidity, walking and imbalance){{c1::Parkinson's disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basal nuclei structure affected in patients with Parkinson's{{c1::Death of dopamine release in the substantia nigra pars compacta}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specific circuit associated with Parkinson's{{c1::Nigrostriatal pathway}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of gait associated with patients that have Parkinson's Disease{{c1::Freezing and Festinating Gait}}
Published	07/30/2024	An autosomal dominant inherited disorder associated with cell loss within a specific subset of neurons in the basal ganglia{{c1::Huntington Disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Associated gene mutation in Huntington disease{{c1::HTT gene in chromosome 4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Besides motor loop, which other basal nuclei circuitry connection is associated with Huntington disease{{c1::Executive loop for cognition}}
Published	07/30/2024	The initial symptoms of Huntington's disease generally begin to appear at {{c1::35 to 44}} years of age
Published	07/30/2024	Huntington’s disease results to degeneration of the {{c1::striatal complex::Basal nuclei structure}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wilson Disease}} a rare inherited disorder in which an excessive amount of copper accumulates in the body
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Autosomal recessive disease1. Huntington disease2. Wilson disease{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Gene mutation associated with Wilson disease{{c1::ATP7B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specific basal nuclei structure that is degenerative in Wilson disease{{c1::Putamen}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Improvement with treatment1. Huntington's Disease2. Wilson's disease{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Associated bacteria infection with sydenham chorea (St. Vitus Dance){{c1::Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus ( S. pyogenes )}}
Published	07/30/2024	Movement disorder that is Iatrogenic and caused by chronic treatment with Neuroleptic Medications{{c1::Tardive dyskinesia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Separates the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus{{c1::Central Sulcus of Rolando}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Frontal Lobe of Cerebral CortexMotor aspect of speech or languageA. Superior Frontal GyrusB. Middle Frontal GyrusC. Inferior Frontal Gyrus{{…
Published	07/30/2024	Three parts of prefrontal cortex{{c1::Superior Frontal GyrusMiddle Frontal GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Separates the post central gyrus to the rest of the parietal lobe{{c1::Post central sulcus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Somesthetic area of the Brain{{c1::Post central Gyrus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Divides the posterior aspect of the posterior part of the parietal lobe into superior and inferior{{c1::Intraparietal sulcus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Separates the Occipitotemporal Gyrus and Parahippocampal Gyrus{{c1::Collateral Sulcus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Separates the Cuneus and Lingual Gyrus{{c1::Calcarine Sulcus}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Blood supply of cerebral cortexSupplies the lateral aspect of the brainA. Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) B. Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)C. P…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Blood supply of cerebral cortexSupplies the infero-medial and posterior portions of the brainA. Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) B. Middle Cer…
Published	07/30/2024	These regions of the brain are very vulnerable to poor perfusion{{c1::Border Zones/Water-Shed Zones}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Weakness prominent in arm and face1. MCA lesion2. ACA lesion{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Weakness prominent on leg1. MCA lesion2. ACA lesion{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Commissural}} Fibers - Connects the left and right side of the brain
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Cerebral cortex fibersFibers that connect one cortical area to another (same hemisphere)A. Commissural fibersB. Association fibersC.&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Cerebral cortex fibersFibers that connect areas of the brain from the top to lower portions like the brainstem or spinal cordA. Commissural …
Published	07/30/2024	White matter tracts that relay information from the visual pathway to the occipital lobe{{c1::Bands of Baillarger}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cerebral cortex layer where outer band of Baillarger is found {{c1::Layer IV - Internal Granular}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cerebral cortex layer where inner band of Baillarger is found {{c1::Layer V - Internal Pyramidal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cerebral cortex layer where parallel axons are found{{c1::Plexiform/Molecular - Layer I}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cerebral cortex layers that contain PYRAMIDAL cells{{c1::External granular - Layer IIExternal pyramidal - Layer IIIInternal pyramidal - Layer V}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dominant structure found in Layer II of cerebral cortex{{c1::Axons}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cerebral cortex layer that is the primary receiver of input from thalamus{{c1::Layer IV - Internal Granular}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Cerebral cortex layersContaining the bigger pyramidal cells particularly in the motor strip wherein Betz cells are locatedA. External GranularB. …
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Cerebral cortex layersPrimary OUTPUT going out of the brainA. External GranularB. External PyramidalC. Internal GranularD. Internal Pyramidal&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Cerebral cortex layersContain stellate cellsA. External GranularB. External PyramidalC. Internal GranularD. Internal Pyramidal E. Polymorphi…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaMotor cortexA. Area 4B. Area 6C. Area 3, 1, 2D. Area 5, 7{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaSupplementary motor cortexA. Area 4B. Area 6C. Area 3, 1, 2D. Area 5, 7{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaPrimary somatosensory areaA. Area 4B. Area 6C. Area 3, 1, 2D. Area 5, 7{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaSomatosensory association cortexA. Area 4B. Area 6C. Area 3, 1, 2D. Area 5, 7{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaPrimary visual cortexA. Area 17B. Area 18,19C. Areas 41,42D. Areas 44,45E. Areas 39,40{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaSecondary visual cortexA. Area 17B. Area 18,19C. Areas 41,42D. Areas 44,45E. Areas 39,40{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaPrimary auditory cortexA. Area 17B. Area 18,19C. Areas 41,42D. Areas 44,45E. Areas 39,40{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaBroca’s areaA. Area 17B. Area 18,19C. Areas 41,42D. Areas 44,45E. Areas 39,40{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Brodmann AreaWernicke’s areaA. Area 17B. Area 18,19C. Areas 41,42D. Areas 44,45E. Areas 39,40{{c1::E}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 General Functional Categories of Cerebral cortex{{c1::SensoryMotorUnimodal association cortexMultimodal Association Cortex}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Sensation of body1. Ventral posterolateral thalamus2. Ventral posteromedial thalamus{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Sensation of face1. Ventral posterolateral thalamus2. Ventral posteromedial thalamus{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	BA 4, 6 ProjectionsAfferent: {{c1::Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus}}Efferents: {{c1::Voluntary motor control}}
Published	07/30/2024	BA 12, 32 ProjectionsAfferent: {{c1::Dorsomedial and anterior nuclei of the thalamus}}Efferents: {{c1::Limbic system, behavior and cognition}}
Published	07/30/2024	BA 3, 1, 2 ProjectionsAfferent: {{c1::VPL and VPM of thalamus}}Efferents: {{c1::Sensation of body (VPL) and face (VPM)}}
Published	07/30/2024	BA 17, 18, 19 ProjectionsAfferent: {{c1::Lateral geniculate nucleus}}Efferents: {{c1::Visual information}}
Published	07/30/2024	BA BA 36-38, 41, 42 ProjectionsAfferent: {{c1::Medial geniculate nucleus}}Efferents: {{c1::Auditory information}}
Status	Last Update	Fields