Notes in Pathoma WBC

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Published	12/13/2024	Hematopoiesis occurs via a stepwise maturation of CD-{{c1::34}}+ hematopoietic stem cells
Published	12/13/2024	The CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell may differentiate into a(n) {{c1::myeloid}} or {{c2::lymphoid}} stem cell
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::erythroblasts}}, which mature into RBCs
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::myeloblasts}}, which mature into granulocytes
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::monoblasts}}, which mature into monocytes
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::megakaryoblasts}}, which mature into megakaryocytes
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::B lymphoblasts}}, which mature into naive B cells and then plasma cells
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::T lymphoblasts}}, which mature into naive T cells and then CD4+/CD8+ T cells
Published	12/13/2024	A normal WBC count is approximately {{c1::5}} - {{c1::10}} K/μL
Published	12/13/2024	A low WBC count (< 5K) is called {{c1::leukopenia}}
Published	12/13/2024	A high WBC count (> 10K) is called {{c1::leukocytosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Neutropenia}} refers to a decreased number of circulating neutrophils
Published	12/13/2024	Neutropenia may result from drug toxicity, especially {{c1::chemotherapy}}
Published	12/13/2024	Neutropenia may result from severe {{c1::infection (e.g. gram-negative sepsis)}}
Published	12/13/2024	In addition to drugs and infection, neutropenia also occurs with {{c1::aplastic}} anemia, SLE, and radiation
Published	12/13/2024	What treatments are used to boost granulocyte production and thus decrease risk of infection in neutropenic patients? {{c1::GM-CSF or G-CSF::2}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Lymphopenia}} refers to a decreased number of circulating lymphocytes
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphopenia may be caused by {{c1::immunodeficiency}} (e.g. HIV, DiGeorge syndrome, SCID)
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphopenia may occur due to a high {{c1::cortisol}} state, which induces apoptosis of lymphocytes
Published	12/13/2024	What is the effect of corticosteroids on lymphocyte levels? {{c1::Decreased (lymphopenia)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphopenia may occur due to {{c1::autoimmune}} destruction (e.g. SLE)
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphopenia may occur with whole body {{c1::radiation}}
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of WBC is the most sensitive to radiation?{{c1::Lymphocytes}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Eosinopenia}} refers to a decreased number of circulating eosinophils
Published	12/13/2024	What is the effect of corticosteroids on eosinophil levels? {{c1::Decreased (eosinopenia)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Neutrophilia}} refers to an increased number of circulating neutrophils
Published	12/13/2024	A(n) {{c1::left}} shift is an increase in neutrophil precursors, such as band cells and metamyelocytes, in peripheral blood
Published	12/13/2024	Left shifts are usually seen with neutrophilia in the acute response to {{c1::bacterial infection}} or {{c2::tissue necrosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	When a left shift is seen with immature RBCs it is called a(n) {{c1::leukoerythroblastic}} reaction
Published	12/13/2024	Immature neutrophils (e.g. left shift) are characterized by decreased {{c1::Fc}} receptors (CD-{{c2::16}})
Published	12/13/2024	What is the effect of corticosteroids on neutrophil levels? {{c1::Increased (neutrophilia)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Monocytosis (increased monocytes) is seen with chronic {{c1::inflammatory}} states and {{c2::malignancy}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Lymphocytosis}} refers to an increased number of circulating lymphocytes
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphocytosis often occurs in response to {{c1::viral}} infections
Published	12/13/2024	What bacteria causes lymphocytosis via production of lymphocytosis-promoting factor? {{c1::Bordetella pertussis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Infectious mononucleosis less commonly occurs due to a(n) {{c1::CMV}} infection
Published	12/13/2024	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is transmitted by {{c1::saliva ("kissing disease")}}
Published	12/13/2024	What demographic is associated with infectious mononucleosis due to EBV infection?{{c1::Teenagers::age group}}
Published	12/13/2024	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primarily infects the {{c1::oropharynx}}, {{c2::liver}}, and {{c3::B cells}}
Published	12/13/2024	EBV infection results in lymphocytosis comprised of reactive CD{{c1::8}}+ T cells
Published	12/13/2024	The CD8+ T-cell response in infectious mononucleosis leads to lymphadenopathy, especially in the {{c1::posterior cervical::specific}} nodes
Published	12/13/2024	The lymphadenopathy seen with infectious mononucleosis is due to T-cell hyperplasia in the lymph node {{c1::paracortex}}
Published	12/13/2024	The CD8+ T-cell response in EBV infection leads to {{c1::spleno}}-megaly
Published	12/13/2024	The splenomegaly seen with infectious mononucleosis is due to T-cell hyperplasia in the {{c1::periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)}} of the spleen
Published	12/13/2024	What abnormal cell (seen on blood smear) is associated with infectious mononucleosis? {{c1::Atypical lymphocytes (reactive CD8+ T-cells)}}
Published	12/13/2024	What test is used to screen for infectious mononucleosis? {{c1::Monospot test}}
Published	12/13/2024	A(n) {{c2::negative}} monospot test with symptoms of infectious mononucleosis suggests {{c1::CMV}} infection
Published	12/13/2024	A definitive diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is made by serologic testing for the EBV {{c1::viral capsid}} antigen
Published	12/13/2024	Infectious mononucleosis is associated with increased risk for {{c1::splenic}} rupture
Published	12/13/2024	Infectious {{c3::mononucleosis}} patients develop a(n) {{c1::rash}} if exposed to {{c2::ampicillin}}
Published	12/13/2024	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) remains dormant in {{c1::B}} cells, which increases risk for {{c2::lymphoma}}, especially if immunodeficiency develops (e.g. …
Published	12/13/2024	Acute leukemia is defined as a neoplastic proliferation of blasts {{c1::> 20}}% in the bone marrow
Published	12/13/2024	Acute leukemia may present acutely with symptoms of {{c1::anemia}}, {{c2::thrombocytopenia}}, and/or {{c3::neutropenia}}
Published	12/13/2024	Acute leukemias are typically associated with {{c1::increased}} circulating WBCs
Published	12/13/2024	The blasts seen in acute leukemia are {{c2::large::size}}, immature cells, often with "punched out" {{c1::nucleoli}}
Published	12/13/2024	Acute leukemia is subdivided into {{c1::ALL}} or {{c1::AML}} based on the phenotype of the blasts
Published	12/13/2024	ALL is a neoplastic accumulation of {{c1::lymphoblasts}} (>20%) in the bone marrow
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Lympho}}-blasts are characterized by positive nuclear staining for {{c1::TdT}}, which is a(n) {{c3::DNA polymerase}}
Published	12/13/2024	What demographic is most commonly associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)? {{c1::Children::age group}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Acute lymphoblastic}} leukemia is associated with {{c1::Down}} syndrome; usually arises {{c2::after}} the age of 5 years
Published	12/13/2024	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is subclassified into {{c1::B}}-ALL and {{c1::T}}-ALL based on surface markers
Published	12/13/2024	Which type of ALL (B- or T-ALL) is the most common? {{c1::B-ALL}}
Published	12/13/2024	B-ALL is usually characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express CD-{{c1::10}}, CD-{{c1::19}}, and CD-{{c1::20}}
Published	12/13/2024	B-ALL has a(n) {{c1::excellent}} response to chemotherapy
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment of B-ALL requires prophylaxis to the {{c1::scrotum}} and {{c2::CSF}}
Published	12/13/2024	B-ALL with t({{c3::12}};{{c3::21}}) has a(n) {{c1::good}} prognosis and is more commonly seen in {{c2::children}}
Published	12/13/2024	B-ALL with t({{c3::9}};{{c3::22}}) has a(n) {{c1::poor}} prognosis and is more commonly seen in {{c2::adults::age group}}
Published	12/13/2024	T-ALL is characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express markers ranging from CD-{{c1::2}} to CD-{{c1::8}}
Published	12/13/2024	Do the lymphoblasts in T-ALL express CD10?{{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	AML is a neoplastic accumulation of {{c1::myeloblasts}} (>20%) in the bone marrow
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Myeloblasts::-blasts}} are usually characterized by positive cytoplasmic staining for {{c1::myeloperoxidase (MPO)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloblasts may have crystal aggregates of {{c2::MPO}}, which are seen on blood smear as {{c1::Auer rods}}
Published	12/13/2024	Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) most commonly arises in {{c1::older adults (median onset 65 years)}}
Published	12/13/2024	One subtype of AML is {{c1::acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)}}, which is characterized by t({{c2::15}};{{c2::17}})
Published	12/13/2024	The t(15;17) translocation seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia results in disruption of the {{c1::retinoic acid}} receptor on chromosome 17
Published	12/13/2024	The abnormal promyelocytes seen in APML contain numerous primary granules that increase risk for {{c1::DIC}}
Published	12/13/2024	Acute promyelocytic leukemia is treated with {{c1::all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)}}, a vitamin A derivative, as well as {{c2::arsenic}}
Published	12/13/2024	All-trans-retinoic acid binds the altered retinoic acid receptor in APL and causes blasts to {{c1::mature}}
Published	12/13/2024	One subtype of AML is acute {{c1::monocytic}} leukemia, which presents with proliferation of monoblasts
Published	12/13/2024	Do the monoblasts seen in acute monocytic leukemia typically contain myeloperoxidase (MPO)? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	In acute {{c2::monocytic}} leukemia, blasts characteristically infiltrate the {{c1::gums}}
Published	12/13/2024	One subtype of AML is acute {{c1::megakaryoblastic}} leukemia, which presents with proliferation of megakaryoblasts
Published	12/13/2024	Do the megakaryoblasts seen in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia typically contain myeloperoxidase (MPO)? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Acute megakaryoblastic}} leukemia is associated with {{c1::Down}} syndrome; usually arises {{c2::before}} the age of 5
Published	12/13/2024	AML may arise from pre-existing {{c1::myelodysplastic}} syndromes
Published	12/13/2024	Risk factors for acute myeloid leukemia include prior exposure to {{c1::alkylating}} chemotherapy and {{c2::radiation}}
Published	12/13/2024	Myelodysplastic syndromes usually present with increased blasts {{c1::< 20}}%
Published	12/13/2024	Myelodysplastic syndromes rarely may progress to {{c1::acute myeloid}} leukemia
Published	12/13/2024	Myelodysplastic syndromes are caused by {{c1::de novo mutations::genetics}} or environmental exposure (e.g. radiation, benzene, chemotherapy)
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Myelodysplastic}} syndromes may be associated with a(n) {{c1::Pseudo-Pelger-Huet}} anomaly, which are neutrophils with {{c2::bilobed}} nucl…
Published	12/13/2024	Pseudo-Pelger Huet anomaly is typically seen after {{c1::chemotherapy}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Chronic::acute or chronic}} leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of mature circulating lymphocytes
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic leukemia is usually insidious in onset and seen in {{c1::older adults::age group}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Chronic lymphocytic}} leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of naive {{c3::B}} cells that co-express CD-{{c1::5}} and CD-{{c1::20}}
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common leukemia in adults? {{c1::Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Chronic lymphocytic}} leukemia is associated with {{c1::smudge}} cells and increased lymphocytes on blood smear
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Chronic lymphocytic}} leukemia commonly involves lymph nodes, leading to generalized lymphadenopathy; thus called {{c1::small lymphocytic}} lymp…
Published	12/13/2024	One complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is {{c1::hypogammaglobulinemia}}, which predisposes to infection
Published	12/13/2024	What is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia? {{c1::Infection (due to hypogammaglobulinemia)}}
Published	12/13/2024	One complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is {{c1::autoimmune hemolytic::very specific}} anemia
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Chronic lymphocytic}} leukemia may transform into {{c1::diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)}} via the {{c3::Richter}} transformation
Published	12/13/2024	Transformation of CLL into diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma presents clinically as a(n) {{c1::enlarging}} lymph node or spleen
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Hairy cell}} leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of mature {{c2::B}} cells characterized by hairy cytoplasmic processes
Published	12/13/2024	The cells in {{c2::hairy cell}} leukemia stain positive for {{c1::tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Positive TRAP stain for diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia has been largely replaced with {{c1::flow cytometry}}
Published	12/13/2024	Patients with hairy cell leukemia typically present with massive {{c1::splenomegaly}} due to expansion of the {{c2::red}} pulp
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Hairy cell}} leukemia causes marrow fibrosis, which results in a  "{{c1::dry tap}}" on bone marrow aspiration
Published	12/13/2024	Does hairy cell leukemia typically present with lymphadenopathy? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	Hairy cell leukemia has an excellent response to {{c1::cladribine (2-CDA)}}, which is an adenosine deaminase inhibitor
Published	12/13/2024	In addition to cladribine (2-CDA), hairy cell leukemia may also be treated with {{c1::pentostatin}}
Published	12/13/2024	What demographic is associated with hairy cell leukemia? {{c1::Adult males::age/gender}}
Published	12/13/2024	Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a neoplastic proliferation of mature {{c1::CD4+ T::specific}} cells
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Adult T-cell}} leukemia/lymphoma is caused by the {{c1::HTLV-1}} virus
Published	12/13/2024	The HTLV-1 virus (cause of ATLL) is associated with {{c1::IV drug}} users
Published	12/13/2024	What regions are most commonly affected by adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?{{c1::Japan}}, {{c2::West Africa}}, and the {{c3::Caribbean}}
Published	12/13/2024	Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma may present with {{c1::cutaneous lesions (rash)}} due to skin infiltration
Published	12/13/2024	{{c3::Adult T-cell}} leukemia/lymphoma may present with {{c1::lytic (punched-out)}} {{c2::bone}} lesions and hypercalcemia
Published	12/13/2024	How can adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma be distinguished from multiple myeloma? {{c1::ATLL causes a rash}}
Published	12/13/2024	Mycosis fungoides is a neoplastic proliferation of mature {{c1::CD4+ T::name and type}} cells
Published	12/13/2024	Mycosis fungoides typically presents in adults with {{c1::skin}} patches/plaques
Published	12/13/2024	The aggregates of neoplastic cells in the epidermis seen with mycosis fungoides are called {{c1::Pautrier microabscesses}}
Published	12/13/2024	Mycosis fungoides may spread to involve the blood, producing {{c1::Sézary}} syndrome (T-cell leukemia)
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Sézary}} syndrome is characterized by atypical CD4+ cells with {{c1::cerebriform}} nuclei seen on blood smear
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Myeloproliferative}} disorders are neoplastic proliferations of mature cells of myeloid lineage
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloproliferative disorders most commonly present in {{c1::late adulthood (50 - 60 years old)::age group}}
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloproliferative disorders may cause {{c1::hyperuricemia}} and {{c2::gout}} due to high turnover of cells
Published	12/13/2024	Myeloproliferative disorders may progress to marrow {{c1::fibrosis}} or transform to acute leukemia
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic myeloproliferative disorders (except CML) are associated with {{c1::V617F JAK2}} mutations
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Chronic myeloid}} leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially {{c2::granulocytes}} and their precursors (basophil…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Chronic myeloid}} leukemia is defined by the t({{c1::9}};{{c1::22}}) translocation
Published	12/13/2024	The t({{c3::9}};{{c3::22}}) translocation generates a(n) {{c1::BCR}}-{{c1::ABL}} fusion protein with increased {{c2::tyrosine kinase}} activity
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic myeloid leukemia* responds well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as {{c1::imatinib}}
Published	12/13/2024	Chronic myeloid leukemia commonly results in {{c1::spleno}}-megaly
Published	12/13/2024	An enlarging {{c1::spleen}} in CML suggests progression to accelerated disease ("blast crisis")
Published	12/13/2024	CML may transform to acute {{c1::myeloid}} leukemia (2/3rd of cases)
Published	12/13/2024	CML may transform to acute {{c1::lymphoid}} leukemia (1/3rd of transformations)
Published	12/13/2024	CML is distinguished from a leukemoid reaction (benign neutrophilia) by presence of increased {{c1::basophils}}
Published	12/13/2024	CML is distinguished from a leukemoid reaction (benign neutrophilia) by a(n) {{c2::negative}} {{c1::leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP)}} stain
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Polycythemia vera}} is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially {{c2::red blood}} cells
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera is a form of {{c1::primary::primary or secondary}} polycythemia
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera may present with symptoms of {{c1::hyperviscosity}} of the blood (e.g. blurry vision, headache)
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera increases risk of venous and arterial {{c1::thrombosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera rarely may cause {{c1::erythromelalgia}}, which is characterized by severe, burning pain and red-blood discoloration
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Polycythemia vera}} classically presents with intense {{c1::itching}}, especially after a hot shower
Published	12/13/2024	The 1st line treatment for polycythemia vera is {{c1::phlebotomy}}; second-line therapy is {{c2::hydroxyurea}}
Published	12/13/2024	Patients with polycythemia vera may take low-dose {{c1::aspirin}} to decrease risk of thrombosis
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera is characterized by {{c1::increased}} plasma volume
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera is characterized by {{c1::significantly increased}} RBC mass
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} EPO
Published	12/13/2024	Relative polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} plasma volume
Published	12/13/2024	Relative polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::normal}} RBC mass
Published	12/13/2024	Relative polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::normal}} EPO
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of polycythemia is associated with dehydration and burns? {{c1::Relative polycythemia (relative erythrocytosis / hemoconcentration)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Appropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} RBC mass
Published	12/13/2024	Appropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} EPO
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Appropriate}} absolute polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} O2 saturation
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of polycythemia is associated with lung disease (ex. COPD / obstructive sleep apnea), congenital heart disease, high altitude, or low birth…
Published	12/13/2024	Inappropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} RBC mass
Published	12/13/2024	Inappropriate absolute polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::increased}} EPO
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Inappropriate}} absolute polycythemia is characterized by {{c1::normal}} O2 saturation
Published	12/13/2024	Which form of polycythemia is associated with ectopic EPO production (e.g. malignancy, hydronephrosis & renal cysts) or exogenous EPO? {{c1::Inapp…
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Essential thrombocythemia (ET)}} is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially {{c2::platelets}}
Published	12/13/2024	Blood smear of essential {{c1::thrombocythemia}} shows markedly increased number of platelets, which may be large or abnormally formed
Published	12/13/2024	Symptoms of essential thrombocythemia are related to an increased risk of {{c1::bleeding}} and/or {{c2::thrombosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Are patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) at risk for marrow fibrosis and/or acute leukemia?{{c1::No (rare)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Does essential thrombocythemia (ET) present with significant risk for hyperuricemia and gout? {{c1::No}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Myelofibrosis}} is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially {{c2::megakaryocytes}}
Published	12/13/2024	In myelofibrosis, megakaryocytes produce excess {{c1::platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)}} and {{c1::TGF-b}}, causing marrow fibrosis
Published	12/13/2024	Myelofibrosis is often associated with massive {{c1::splenomegaly}} due to extramedullary hematopoiesis
Published	12/13/2024	Myelofibrosis is characterized by a(n) {{c1::leukoerythroblastic}} smear (increased nucleated RBCs and immature granulocytes)Why?
Published	12/13/2024	Myelofibrosis causes increased risk of infection, thrombosis, and bleeding due to {{c1::pancytopenia}}
Published	12/13/2024	What pathologic RBC is associated with myelofibrosis? {{c1::"Tear drop" cells (dacrocyte)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera is characterized by {{c1::increased}} WBCs
Published	12/13/2024	Polycythemia vera is characterized by {{c1::increased}} platelets
Published	12/13/2024	Is polycythemia vera associated with JAK2 mutations?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	12/13/2024	Is essential thrombocythemia associated with JAK2 mutations?{{c1::Yes (30-50%)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Is myelofibrosis associated with JAK2 mutations?{{c1::Yes (30-50%)}}
Published	12/13/2024	Is chronic myeloid leukemia associated with JAK2 mutations?{{c1::No (associated with Philadelphia chromosome)}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Lymphadenopathy (LAD)}} refers to enlarged lymph nodes
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Painful::painful or painless}} lymphadenopathy is usually seen in lymph nodes that are draining a region of acute infection
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Painless::painful or painless}} lymphadenopathy can be seen with chronic inflammation, metastatic carcinoma, or lymphoma
Published	12/13/2024	Proliferation of the B cell compartment of lymph nodes causes {{c1::follicular}} hyperplasia (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, early stages of HIV infection…
Published	12/13/2024	Proliferation of the T cell compartment of lymph nodes causes {{c1::paracortex}} hyperplasia (e.g. viral infections)
Published	12/13/2024	Hyperplasia of sinus histiocytes is seen in lymph nodes that are draining a tissue with {{c1::cancer}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Lymphomas::leukemias or lymphomas}} are neoplastic proliferations of lymphoid cells that form a mass
Published	12/13/2024	Lymphoma is divided into {{c1::non-Hodgkin}} (60%) and {{c1::Hodgkin}} lymphoma (40%) *bonus: age groups
Published	12/13/2024	{{c1::Follicular}} lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of small B cells (CD20+) that form follicle-like nodules
Published	12/13/2024	What form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is seen in the image below? {{c1::Follicular lymphoma}}
Published	12/13/2024	Follicular lymphoma typically presents in {{c1::late adulthood::age group}}
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Follicular}} lymphoma is characterized by painless "{{c1::waxing and waning}}" lymphadenopathy
Published	12/13/2024	{{c2::Follicular}} lymphoma is driven by a t({{c1::14}};{{c1::18}}) translocation
Published	12/13/2024	What chromosome is BCL2 located on? {{c1::Chromosome 18}}
Published	12/13/2024	What chromosome is Ig heavy chain located on? {{c1::Chromosome 14}}
Published	12/13/2024	The Ig heavy chain genes on chromosome 14 are {{c1::constitutively}} expressed
Published	12/13/2024	The t({{c3::14}};{{c3::18}}) translocation results in overexpression of {{c1::Bcl2}}, resulting in inhibition of {{c2::apoptosis}}
Published	12/13/2024	Treatment of follicular lymphoma is reserved for symptomatic patients and involves low-dose chemotherapy or {{c1::rituximab}} (anti-CD20 antibody)
Published	12/13/2024	Follicular lymphoma may progress to {{c1::diffuse, large B-cell}} lymphoma, which presents as an enlarging lymph node
Published	12/13/2024	Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by {{c1::disruption}} of normal lymph node architecture
Published	12/13/2024	Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by lack of {{c1::tingible body macrophages::long name (3)}} in germinal cent…
Published	12/13/2024	Follicular lymphoma is distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia by expression of {{c1::Bcl2}} in follicles
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