Notes in Atherosclerosis

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Published	10/19/2023	Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease• World’s leading cause of morbidity and mortality • Leading cause of {{c2::death}} of most racial/ethnic groups…
Published	10/19/2023	Cholesterol metabolism• cholesterol is insoluble in water, so it moves through the bloodstream with {{c1::lipoproteins}} • cholesterol is present in c…
Published	10/19/2023	Cholesterol synthesis• cholesterol is built from {{c1::acetyl-CoA}} (derived form TCA cycle)• HMG CoA is present in both cytosol and mitochondria of l…
Published	10/22/2023	Regulation of cholesterol synthesis*via HMG-CoA reductase1. Sterol-dependent regulation of {{c1::gene expression}} 2. Sterol-accelerated enzyme {{c2:…
Published	10/19/2023	Sterol-dependent regulation of gene expression (to regulate cholesterol synthesis)*Sterol Regulatory Element (SRE) is a {{c5::recognition}} sequence i…
Published	10/19/2023	Sterol-independent phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of HMG CoA-reductase• {{c2::AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)}} phosphorylates HMG CoA-red…
Published	10/19/2023	Hormonal regulation of HMG CoA-reductase• {{c2::insulin}} and {{c2::thyroxine}} increase upregulation of enzyme expression • {{c1::glucagon}}&nb…
Published	10/19/2023	arterial wall has internal and external {{c1::elastic}} membranes and a larger {{c2::smooth muscle}} layer that a venous wall does not have
Published	10/19/2023	Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium sized {{c1::muscular}} arteries → first step: {{c2::endothelial}} dysfunction → inflammation → accumu…
Published	10/22/2023	Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis1. {{c2::endothelial}} injury *{{c1::hypertension}} is the leading cause of this, mainly because it can go unrecog…
Published	10/19/2023	Causes of endothelial injury*endothelium: {{c1::single}} cell thick, in direct contact with blood, lymph, and circulating components- physical injury/…
Published	10/19/2023	key process in atherosclerosis is {{c1::intimal}} thickening → impingement of the artery lumen*after advanced plaque formation in pre-clinical ph…
Published	10/19/2023	endpoints of atherosclerosis- if in internal carotid arteries and Circle of Willis → {{c4::stroke (brain)}} - if in ascending or abdominal arteri…
Published	10/19/2023	{{c2::CAD}} and PVD have the same risk factors{{c1::ACS}} is a end result of {{c2::CAD}}, three different types...→ unstable {{c3::angina}} → N{{c4::S…
Published	10/19/2023	the anterior leads {{c1::V1-V4}} represent the {{c2::LAD}} artery of the heartthe lateral leads {{c5::aVL}}, {{c5::I}}, {{c5::V5}}, {{c5::V6}} re…
Published	10/19/2023	acute coronary syndrome- if non{{c1::thrombotic}} plaque and supple/demand imbalance → {{c2::demand}}-related {{c3::unstable angina}}- if partially-oc…
Published	10/19/2023	Risk factors for CAD and PVD Major Risk factors Non-{{c8::Modifiable}} (aka. constitutional) risk factors:  1. {{c1::Genetics}}&nb…
Published	10/19/2023	Pre-test probability of atherosclerotic disease *based on number and extent of {{c1::major}} risk factors: age, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, …
Published	10/19/2023	diagnostic testing of atherosclerotic disease blood testing• total {{c2::cholesterol}}• LDL levels• HDL levels• {{c1::ApoB}}• {{c1::Lpa}} imaging…
Published	10/19/2023	Types of cardiac stress tests{{c1::Exercise}} Stress Test • Without imaging: exercise treadmill stress test with {{c3::EKG}}  • With Imaging…
Published	10/19/2023	Class {{c1::I}} recommendations are considered the best treatments to improve patient's overall health
Published	10/19/2023	{{c1::Atorva}}statin and {{c1::Rosuva}}statin are the most effective in decreasing LDL levels
Published	10/22/2023	d9b4442c2781444dac43f3e9f4cd577f-oa-1
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Published	10/19/2023	key things to look for in clincial vignette for atherosclerosis: age range: 40-75 LDL-C levels:→ 70-{{c2::190}} (risk assessment and {{…
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