Notes in MICROBIOLOGY::Unit 2

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Published	10/03/2024	eukaryotic chromosomes are {{c1::linear}} not circular
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotes have {{c1::larger}} chromosomes compared to bacteria
Published	10/03/2024	eukaryotic chromosomes are wound around {{c1::histones}} in nucleosomes
Published	10/03/2024	Bacteria replication works {{c1::bidirectionally }}
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotic DNA replication begins at {{c1::multiple}} origins of replication
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Origin recognition complex(ORC)}} served as platform for additional(replication) proteins
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotes have {{c1::multiple}} origins of replications
Published	10/03/2024	How many DNA polymerases function in eukaryotic DNA replication?
Published	10/03/2024	What is found at the end of chromosomes?
Published	10/03/2024	Each round of DNA replication results in {{c1::shortened}} chromosome
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Telomeres}} are protein/DNA complexes at the ends of the chromosomes that protect the DNA from degredation
Published	10/03/2024	telomeres are formed by {{c1::telomerase}}
Published	10/03/2024	What are the 2 features Telomerase uses to replicate Telomeric DNA in eukaryotic chrosomes?
Published	10/03/2024	The {{c1::internal RNA template}} has complementary base pairs to the G-tail
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Internal RNA template}} is used as the template for DNA synthesis
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Reverse transcriptase}} 3' OH serves as primer for DNA synthesis
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Reverse transcriptase}} creates enough room to make an RNA primer on the lagging strands end  and maintains the length of the chrosome end
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Archaral chromosomes}} are more like bacteria than eukaryotes(size and ciruclar)
Published	10/03/2024	How many origins of replication do archaea have?
Published	10/03/2024	DNA replication in Archaea involves {{c1::origin binding proteins}} and {{c2::origin recognition complex}}
Published	10/03/2024	Bacteria use a {{c1::single}} RNA polymerase
Published	10/03/2024	Bacterial genes with related functions are organized into {{c1::operons}} which are controlled by one promoter
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Polycistronic}} mRNA is often found in bacteria
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotic transcription occurs where?
Published	10/03/2024	In most eukaryotes each protein coding gene has its own promoter which is called {{c1::monocistronic transcripts}}
Published	10/03/2024	List differences in transcrption between bacteria and eukarya:
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotic genes are split into regions. List them:
Published	10/03/2024	How many Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are there?
Published	10/03/2024	List the major eukaryotic RNA polymerases
Published	10/03/2024	What does RNAP I do?
Published	10/03/2024	what does RNAP II do?
Published	10/03/2024	RNAP catalyzes {{c1::rRNA synthesis}}
Published	10/03/2024	what does RNAP III do?
Published	10/03/2024	RNAP II catalyzes {{c1::mRNA synthesis}}
Published	10/03/2024	The two regions of eukaryotic promoters includes {{c1::core promoter}} and {{c2::regulatory region}}
Published	10/03/2024	What is the TATA box?
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotic and Archaeal {{c1::promoters}} share sequences
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotics and archaeal {{c1::promotors}} share sequences
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::TATA-binding protein}} involved in transcription initiation in Eukaryotes
Published	10/03/2024	Pre-initation complex forms then {{c1::TFIIE}} denature parts of the DNA to form an open complex
Published	10/03/2024	the {{c1::5' cap}} stablizes and facilitates translation, and facilitates splicing
Published	10/03/2024	the {{c1::3' poly A tail}} aids in recognition, prevents degredation, and signals for transport
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::spliceosome}} are ribozymes that remove introns from pre mRNA and are made of proteins and RNA
Published	10/03/2024	The two products of splicesomes are {{c1::mature mRNA(that goes to the ribosome) }} and {{c2::Lariat(excised RNA molecule)}}
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Alternative splicing}} leads to different patterns of exons that remain after pre-mRNA
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Alternative Splicing}} allows for single gene to code for more than one protein
Published	10/03/2024	Does alternative splicing happen in Bacteria or Archaea?
Published	10/03/2024	What are similarities between archaea and eukarya in terms of transcription initiation?
Published	10/03/2024	What are similarities between archaeal and bacterial transcription inititation?
Published	10/03/2024	Bacterial ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, what are the subunits that make up the ribosome?
Published	10/03/2024	What are the components of bacterial initiation?
Published	10/03/2024	Bacteria initiation begins when: {{c1::the start codon bind 16S rRNA and Shine Dalgarno sequence}}
Published	10/03/2024	What happens during bacterial elongation?
Published	10/03/2024	What happens during bacterial termination?
Published	10/03/2024	What are Chaperones?
Published	10/03/2024	Initiation and Elongation of Translation in Eukaryotes, list the steps:
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Chaperone proteins}} are used to fold proteins properly or refold them after denaturing in Eukaryotes
Published	10/03/2024	Translation and Elongation in eukaryotes are {{c1::similar }} to Bacterial translation and elongations
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Chaperones}} are used to fold proteins properly or refold then after denaturing
Published	10/03/2024	What are the 3 levels of regulation of cellular processes that can occur in bacteria and eukaryotes?
Published	10/03/2024	In Protein Localization, {{c1::vesicular transport}} are used to move proteins directly accross a membrane
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::Enhancers}} are located near promoter making platform for transcriptional activator and repressor binding
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::SEC system}} is a protein translocation system
Published	10/03/2024	{{c1::TAT system}}- is a tein arginine residues
Published	10/03/2024	In Archaea transcription and translation are {{c1::coupled}}
Published	10/03/2024	Some archael mRNA have {{c1::shine dalgarno sequence}} and some are {{c2::polycistronic}}
Published	10/03/2024	Initiation in Archaeal is similar to bacteria but uses a eukaryotic style initiator {{c1::Met-tRNA}}
Published	10/03/2024	How do you activate a gene for expression?
Published	10/03/2024	Does archaea use more or less translationinitiation factors than bacteria?
Published	10/03/2024	Arachaea translation also have maturation and localization. As a reminder write the pain systems used in localization and maturation?
Published	10/03/2024	Eukaryotic regulation mechanisms include:
Published	10/03/2024	Regulation of gene expression in Archaea are similar to both {{c1::bacteria}} and {{c2::eukarya}}
Published	10/03/2024	There are {{c1::no}} post-translational modifications in archaea
Published	10/03/2024	Transcription factors cause {{c1::positive}} and {{c2::negative}} gene regulation
Published	10/03/2024	Arachaea have {{c1::NO}} posttranslational modificaitons
Published	10/03/2024	In archaea, transcription factors can cause {{c1::positive}} and {{c1::negative}} gene regulation
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