Notes in 8. Long Term Control of Blood Pressure

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Long}} term control of blood pressure is related to the {{c1::kidneys}}
Published	02/10/2024	Functions of the Kidney: {{c1::Excretion of waste products}} {{c1::Maintenance of ion balance}} {{c1::Regulation of pH}} {{c1::Regulation of&nbs…
Published	02/10/2024	The kidneys control the plasma volume to regulate {{c1::mean arterial pressure}}
Published	02/10/2024	The renal counter-current system creates a very high {{c1::osmolarity}} outside the collecting duct in the medullary interstitium.
Published	02/10/2024	Control over {{c1::Na+}} transport determines how big the osmotic gradient is in the medullary interstitium.
Published	02/10/2024	Control over the permeability of the {{c1::collecting duct}} determines whether water will follow the osmotic gradient or not.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Na+ transport}} builds up a concentration gradient between the tubes and the interstitium in the kidneys. So modulating this will affect ho…
Published	02/10/2024	Explain the relationship between the permeability of the collecting duct, the volume of water reabsorption and volume of urine.{{c1::Making the collec…
Published	02/10/2024	Hormone Systems that Regulate the Permeability of the Collecting Duct(Negative Feedback Systems)[1] {{c1::Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (decrea…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Renin}} is an enzyme produced in the {{c2::juxtaglomerular cells}} of the kidney.
Published	02/10/2024	Triggers of Renin ProductionThese are signals of reduced MAP [1] {{c1::Activation of sympathetic nerves to the juxtaglomerular apparatus}}  …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Renin}} converts inactive {{c2::angiotensinogen}} to {{c2::angiotensin I}}
Published	02/10/2024	Angiotensin I is converted by {{c1::Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)}} to Angiotensin II
Published	02/10/2024	How does angiotensin II increase MAP?[1] {{c1::Stimulates release of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which increases sodium and water r…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Aldosterone}} is a hormone that increases {{c2::Na+ reabsorption}} in the loop of henle, which reduces diuresis and increases plasma v…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Anti-Diuretic Hormone}} increases {{c2::water permeability}} of the collecting duct. This reduces diuresis and increases plasma volume, and simu…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone}} system is a negative feedback system that detects any decrease in MAP and stimulates the release of renin which …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Anti-Diuretic Hormone}} is made in the {{c2::hypothalamus}} and released from the {{c2::posterior pituitary}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::ADH/vasopressin}} causes {{c2::vasoconstriction}} which increases mean arterial pressure.
Published	02/10/2024	Myocardial cells in the {{c1::atria}} produce and release {{c2::atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)}}Myocardial cells in the {{c1::ventricles}} prod…
Published	02/10/2024	Increased {{c1::distension}} of the atria and ventricles triggers the release of {{c2::atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)}} and {{c2::brain na…
Published	02/10/2024	Triggers of Release of Anti-Diuretic Hormone [1] {{c1::A decrease in blood volume(as sensed by cardiopulmonary baroreceptors and relaye…
Published	02/10/2024	A decrease in {{c1::blood volume}}, an increase in {{c1::osmolarity}} of interstitial fluid, or circulating {{c1::angiotensin II}} tend to trigger the…
Published	02/10/2024	How do ANP and BNP reduce Mean Arterial Pressure? [1] {{c1::Increase excretion of Na+ (natriuresis)}} [2] {{c1::Inhibit the release of Renin…
Published	02/10/2024	Factors that Influence Mean Arterial Pressure[1] {{c1::Blood volume}}[2] {{c1::Cardiac output}}[3] {{c1::Resistance to blood flow}}[4] {{c1::Distribut…
Published	02/10/2024	Cardiovascular Control Centres and Heart Rate[Sympathetic control] = {{c1::↑ Na+ influx}} and {{c1::↑ Ca2+ influx}} lead to depolarizat…
Published	02/10/2024	An increase in osmolarity is a sign of lower {{c1::fluid volume}}
Published	02/10/2024	Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Drug Treatments and Their Mechanism of Action[1] {{c1::Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)block the L-type voltage sens…
Published	02/10/2024	Why do people returning back to earth from zero-gravity or being in extended bed rest become light headed or faint?{{c1::When you stand up, blood pool…
Published	02/10/2024	Drug Name: {{c1::Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)}} Mechanism of Action: {{c2::Act by blocking the L-type voltage calcium channels …
Published	02/10/2024	Drug Name: {{c1::Beta blockers}}Mechanism of Action: {{c2::Act by blocking the sympathetic nervous system effects of increasing heart rate and blood p…
Published	02/10/2024	Drug Name: {{c1::Thiazide diuretics}} Mechanism of Action: {{c2::Act on the distal tubule, inhibiting NaCl reabsorption and theref…
Published	02/10/2024	Drug Name: {{c1::Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE inhibitors)}} Mechanism of Action: {{c2::inhibit the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotens…
Published	02/10/2024	Drug Name: {{c1::Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)}} Mechanism of Action: {{c2::Act by blocking Angiotensin II thus the vasoconstricting pr…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Natriuresis}} is {{c2::the process of sodium excretion in the urine through the action of the kidneys.}}
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