Notes in Structure and Function of Nucelotides & DNA

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Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):}} double helix made up of a polynucleotide chain
Published	09/03/2024	3 components of a nucleotide:{{c1::Nitrogenous base = “nucleobase/base” → changes for each DNA nucleotide5-carbon sugar = “deoxyribose” → fifth carbon…
Published	09/03/2024	Purines = {{c1::guanine and adenine}}
Published	09/03/2024	Pyrimidines = {{c1::cytosine, uracil, thymine (CUT PYe)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Sugar-phosphate backbone is made up of {{c1::phosphodiester bonds}}
Published	09/03/2024	two strands of backbone run {{c1::5’ to 3’/3’ to 5’}} (antiparallel molecule)
Published	09/03/2024	Nucleotides are bound by {{c1::hydrogen}} bonds which are {{c2::weaker than covalent bonds}} so can be easily broken apart and repaired for translatio…
Published	09/03/2024	A-T = {{c1::2}} H bonds
Published	09/03/2024	C-G = {{c1::3}} H bonds
Published	09/03/2024	DNA (- charged) wraps twice on histones (+ charged) = {{c1::nucleosome}} → nucleosomes are packaged together = {{c2::chromatin fibers}}
Published	09/03/2024	chromatin floats in a {{c1::loose}} state in the nucleus, but becomes more organized when {{c2::preparing for cellular division}}
Published	09/03/2024	two types of chromatin:{{c1::Euchromatin : loosely packed because it contains genes that the cell frequently usesHeterochromatin: densely packed bc ge…
Published	09/03/2024	normally, how many chromosomes, chromatids, and DNA molecules are in each cell: {{c1::46}}. during replication, there are {{c2::92 of each becaus…
Published	09/03/2024	DNA replication is semiconservative = {{c1::each strand of double helix acts as a template}}
Published	09/03/2024	3 steps of DNA replication: {{c1::initiation, elongation, termination}}
Published	09/03/2024	describe the initiation step in DNA replication: (4 parts){{c1::Pre-replication complex looks for specific sequences for origins of replication (start…
Published	09/03/2024	describe elongation step in DNA replication: (4 steps){{c1::RNA primase creates RNA primersDNA polymerase works 3’ to 5’ to add more complementary nuc…
Published	09/03/2024	describe termination step in DNA replication (1 step):{{c1::Telomere: TTAGGG = signals DNA polymerase to hop off strand}}
Published	09/03/2024	what is the purpose of a telomere and its nucelotide sequence:{{c1::TTAGGGdoesn't code for anything and solely exists to protectshortens during each r…
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::hayflick limit}} is the # of times a cell's DNA can be replicated in relation to telomeres shortening
Published	09/03/2024	There are {{c1::23 chromosomes/46 chromatids}} in a normal somatic diploid human cell
Published	09/03/2024	3 parts of a typical eukaryotic chromosome: {{c1::telomere, centromere, genes}}
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Published	09/03/2024	when both parents are carrier for an autosomal recessive disease, {{c1::25}}% off offspring are affected
Published	09/03/2024	The central dogma describes the {{c1::flow of genetic information from DNA --> RNA --> protein}}. {{c2::reverse transcriptase}} is the…
Published	09/03/2024	what are the 3 defense mechanism types for bacteria, plants/lower eukaryotes, and humans:{{c1::}}
Published	09/03/2024	The bases used in DNA are {{c1::adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)}}. In RNA, the base uracil (U) takes the place o…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::AZT/azidothymidine/Zidovudine}} is used to treat HIV by {{c2::covalently binding and inactivating the viral reverse transciptase enzyme}}.
Published	09/03/2024	AZT incorporates into the nucelotide chain and lacks the {{c1::3' -OH group}} leading to {{c2::chain termination}}. Reverse trasncriptase prefers AZT …
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Ciprofloxacin}} is used to treat low level exposures to anthrax by inhibiting {{c2::DNA synthesis}}.
Published	09/03/2024	Topoisomerase relieves {{c1::supercoiling}} in {{c2::eukaryotes}}. Topoisomerase 1 cuts {{c4::one DNA strand,}} while Topoisomerase II cuts {{c3::both…
Published	09/03/2024	The bacteria version of topoisomerase II are {{c1::gyrases}}. {{c2::Antibiotic Ciproflaxin}} inhibits bacterial gyrase but does not inhibit human enzy…
Published	09/03/2024	Ciprofloxacin is a {{c1::fluoroquinolone}} drug used to treat infections of the skin, lungs, airways, bones, joints, and UTIs. The treatment for anthr…
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::replisome}} is a multiprotein molecular machinery responsible for the replication of DNA.
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Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::DNA polymerase}} consists of several enzymes to replicate bacterial DNA with very few errors meaning it had proof-reading abilities to improve a…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Reverse transcriptase}} lacks proofreading abilities and makes lots of errors, but it is an advantage because {{c2::that is how viruses mutate f…
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Published	09/03/2024	Friedrich ataxia is {{c1::autosomal recessive}} and both sexes are affected equally.
Published	09/03/2024	Fragile-X syndrome affects {{c1::females}} more frequently (XD)
Published	09/03/2024	Huntington disease and Myotonic dystrophy are {{c1::autosomal dominant.}}
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