Notes in 06 Pediatric musculoskeletal

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalPediatric bones tend to "{{c1::bend::bend/break}}" rather than "{{c1::break::bend/break}}"
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThere is a general timeline for dating pediatric fractures: periosteal reaction in less than {{c1::1}} week and comp…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat pediatric fractures tend to heal without {{c4::periosteal reaction}}?{{c1::metaphyseal}}, {{c2::skull}}, and {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhen the radiographic diagnosis is equivocal for a fracture, repeat radiographs can be performed in {{c1::7–10}} day…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe physis, commonly known as the {{c1::growth plate}}, consists of {{c1::4}} histological zones of cartilage arrang…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe zone of the physis closest to the metaphysis is the {{c1::zone of provisional calcification}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is the function of the zone of provisional calficiation?{{c1::creating a scaffolding for new bone growth}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe {{c1::unfused physis}} is the weakest part of the developing skeleton.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn injury that can cause a ligament sprain in an adult may result in a {{c1::physeal fracture}} in a child.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat system classifies physeal fractures based on involvement of physis and adjacent epiphysis and metaphysis?{{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type {{c1::1}}: injury limited to the physis.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris  I injuries are often radiographically occult if the {{c1::epiphysis}} is not displaced.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIn the absence of physeal widening what finding can suggest a Salter Harris type 1 injury?{{c1::soft tissue swelling…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type {{c1::II}}: fracture extends to the {{c2::metaphysis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris type {{c1::2}} is most common type.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type: {{c1::II}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type {{c1::III}}: fracture extends to epiphysis and is intra-articular.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris type {{c1::III}} have a risk for growth arrest, and surgery may be needed to maintain alignment.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSlipped capital femoral epiphysis and gymnast's wrist are examples of Salter Harris Type {{c1::1}} fractures.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is a Salter Harris type III fracture involving the distal tibial epiphysis and physis in a child called?{{c1::J…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type: {{c1::III}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type {{c1::IV}}: Fracture goes through metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris type IV fractures often result in {{c1::growth arrest}} or {{c1::focal fusion}}; reduction and surgery…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type IV example: {{c1::Triplane}} fracture, comprised of three fractures of the {{c5::distal tibi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type: {{c1::IV}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Type {{c1::V}}: Physis is crushed.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe injury mechanism for Salter Harris type V is often from {{c1::axial loading}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhich Salter Harris type has poor prognosis and is easy to miss?{{c1::Type V}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSalter Harris Mnemonic: SALTRType I: {{c1::Slip/ straight}}Type II: {{c2::Above}}Type III: {{c3::Lower}}Type IV: {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe pediatric elbow has {{c1::six}} separate ossification centers.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalPediatric elbow ossification centers mnemonic: CRITOE (age of ossification)C: {{c1::Capitellum (1 year)}} R: {{…
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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn {{c1::elbow effusion}}, as evidenced by displacement of the anterior and/or posterior {{c2::fat pads}}, is highly…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe {{c1::anterior}} fat pad is normally visible as a thin linear lucency at the distal humerus.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe {{c1::posterior}} fat pad is not normally visible and when present indicates joint effusion.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalYellow arrow: {{c1::joint effusion }}  Sign: {{c3::fat pad sign}} Red arrow: {{c2::bony protuber…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe elbow alignment is evaluated with the {{c1::anterior humeral}} and {{c2::radiocapitellar}} lines.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalDrawn along the anterior humeral cortex, {{c1::anterior humeral}} line should pass through the middle of the ossifie…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn abnormal anterior humeral line suggests what kind of fracture?{{c1::supracondylar fracture}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalDrawn through the radial shaft , the {{c1::radiocapitellar}} line should pass through the capitellum on all views.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn abnormal radiocapitellar line suggests {{c1::elbow dislocation}} or a {{c2::nursemaid's elbow}}.
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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalPediatric elbow fractures: most common: {{c1::Supracondylar humerus}}2nd most common:  {{c2::lateral condy…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalMost common adult elbow fracture: {{c1::radial head}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Buckle}} fractures are unique to the pediatric skeleton, representing a buckling of cortex rather than a corti…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalBuckle fractures can be subtle on imaging and sometimes are only detected by careful inspection of the {{c1::cortex:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAny focal cortical irregularity in a child should raise concern for a {{c1::buckle}} fracture.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalDiagnosis: {{c1::buckle fracture }}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Toddler’s}} fracture is a nondisplaced oblique fracture through the tibial metadiaphysis, caused by a {{c2::ro…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat kind of fracture typically occurs in toddlers as they learn how to walk?{{c1::Toddler's fracture}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat views significantly increase the sensitivity for Toddler's fractures?{{c1::Oblique views}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalRadiograph of a Toddler's fracture shows a hairline spiral lucency through the {{c1::distal::proximal/distal}} tibia…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalNondisplaced fractures of the {{c1::cuboid}} and {{c2::calcaneus}} represent variant toddler's fracture.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalNondisplaced fractures of the cuboid and calcaneous manifest as faint {{c1::radiodense bands,}} typically reflecting…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalYellow arrow: {{c1::spiral lucent}} line through the distal tibia Red arrow: {{c2::sclerotic}} component extending t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn {{c1::apophysis}} is an ossification center at a site of tendinous attachment.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn apophysis is a growth plate that {{c1::does not::does/does not}} contribute to longitidinal growth.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThere are {{c1::5}} pelvic apophyses and {{c1::two}} proximal femoral apophyses, which arise in puberty and fuse by …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe {{c1::apophyses}} are the weakest link of the myotendinous unit.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalApophyseal avulsion fractures occur most commonly in {{c1::athletic adolescents::population}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhy are subacute pelvic apophyseal avulsions more complex and aggressive appearing? The donor site my undergo {…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAvulsion injuries may be subtle as they are Salter-Harris {{c1::I}} equivalent fractures.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAttachment of muscles to pelvic apophyses:Abdominal muscles → {{c1::Iliac crest apophysis}} Sartorius → {{c2::A…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAttachment of muscles to femoral apophyses: Gluteus media and minimus → {{c1::Greater}} trochanter Iliopso…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAlthough a lesser trochanter avulsion may occur in an athletic adolescent due to {{c1::avulsion}}, in an adult a les…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat should be done if there is clinical or radiographic concern for child abuse for children under two years of age…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalBone scintigraphy is {{c1::more::more/less}} sensitive for posterior rib fractures and is {{c2::insensitive}} for sk…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalBone scintigraphy {{c1::cannot::can/cannot}} evaluate fracture morphology for age.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe age of fractures is estimated by the presence of {{c1::callus}} formation.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalEstimating age of fracture: no callus → less than {{c1::two}} week(s) callus → at least {{c2::one}}&n…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalA younger child will form callus and heal more {{c1::quickly::quickly/slowly}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat other feature, which sometimes accompanies neglect/ abuse, can also alter the speed of healing?{{c1::malnourish…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalHighly specific fractures for child abuse (but not the most common):{{c1::Classic metaphyseal lesion/corner fracture…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Classic metaphyseal lesion}} is highly specific for abuse, and is a circumferential fracture through the perip…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalA classic metaphyseal lesion in non-accidental trauma is thought to be due to {{c1::violent shaking}} or {{c1::force…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhy is prompt radiography essential for diagnosing a classic metaphyseal lesion?{{c1::heals quickly without callus f…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalPosterior rib fracture is also highly specific for abuse as a result of {{c1::squeezing injury}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWays to improve diagnosis of a posterior rib fracture:-Repeat chest radiograph with {{c2::bone technique}} in the ac…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalRib fractures typically seen after CPR:adults → {{c1::yes }}children → {{c1::no}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIn the rare case of rib fractures from CPR in children, fractures tend to be {{c1::anterior::location}} and {{c1::la…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSuspicious fractures for child abuse (but not highly specific):{{c1::>1::number}} Fractures that are discord…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalNonspecific (but frequently seen) fractures for child abuse:{{c1::Linear skull fracture }}{{c2::Long bone fract…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)}} is incongruent development of the femoral head-acetabular relations…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn abnormally {{c1::shallow::deep/shallow}} acetabular angle results in uncovering of the {{c2::femoral head}} by th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThere is an increased incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip in {{c1::breech}} births, so all they are typi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip is more commonly seen with {{c1::oligo}}hydramnios, {{c2::firstborn infants::pari…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalPhysical examination findings of {{c1::developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)}} include limited range of moti…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhy is imaging by ultrasound for developmental dysplasia of the hip delayed until at least 6 weeks of age because of…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe alpha angle is the angle formed by the {{c1::bony ilium}} and {{c1::acetabular roof}}, obtained from the {{c2::c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalA normal alpha angle in a hip is {{c2::greater}} than {{c1::60}} degrees.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe bony portion of the acetabular roof should cover at least {{c1::50}}% of the cartilaginous femoral head.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAn alpha angle <60 degrees or <50% coverage of the femoral head by acetabulum is abnormal, suggesting {{c1::de…
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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAfter what process in the bones are radiographs performed for developmental dysplasia of the hip?{{c1::femoral head …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalOn pelvic radiography, the ossified femoral head should normally sit in the inner lower quadrant formed by the inter…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe {{c1::acetabular angle}}, drawn through the acetabular roof and Hilgenreiner line, is typically under {{c2::30}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe {{c1::Hilgenreiner}} line is drawn through the triradiate cartilage.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe {{c1::Perkins}} line is drawn through the lateral acetabulum perpendicular to the Hilgenreiner line.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalDifferential for a child with a limp: {{c1::trauma}}{{c2::septic arthritis}}{{c3::chronic fracture }}{{c4:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhy is infection of the synovium and joint space without prompt washout and antibiotics an orthopedic emeergency?&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAny pediatric hip effusion must be urgently {{c1::aspirated}} to evaluate for septic arthritis.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe primary differential consideration for septic arthritis is {{c1::aseptic transient synovitis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is a self-limited diagnosis of exclusion and typically seen in children 3–8 years old following a viral infecti…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalLess common causes of hip effusion and limp include {{c1::hemarthrosis}} in trauma or {{c2::hemophilia}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSeptic arthritis is usually secondary to hematogenously seeded metaphyseal {{c1::osteomyelitis}} that breaks through…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat organism is the most common cause of septic arthritis?{{c1::S. aureus}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSeptic arthritis: most commonly affect joint → {{c1::knee }}2nd most common → {{c2::hip}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalPlain film findings for a hip effusion:displacement or distortion of {{c2::gluteal or psoas fat planes}} w…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalYellow arrows: lateral displacement of the {{c1::left gluteal fat plane }}Red arrow: medial bowing of the {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is the image mdality of choice when evaluating a child with a hip effusion?{{c1::ultrasound}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) }} disease is avascular necrosis of the {{c2::capital femoral epiphysis}} ossifi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalLegg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) is of unknown etiology and typically occurs in small-sized Caucasian boys between the …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalLegg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) is usually unilateral ({{c1::80}}%). A systemic cause should be sought when bilateral,…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalEarly Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP)  may show subtle {{c1::sclerosis}} of the femoral head on radiography.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalEarly Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP)  typically show {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased}} uptake on bone …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalRadiograph: subtle irregularity and {{c1::sclerosis }}Bone scan: {{c2::photopenic defect}} in right femoral epi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalRadiograph of {{c1::late::early/late}} Legg-Calve-Perthes shows secondary signs of osteonecrosis.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalBone scan of late Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP)  typically shows {{c1::increased::increased/decreased}} up…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalFindings: increased sclerosis and irregularity of the right femeral head, with new {{c1::fragmentation::arrows}}Diag…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)}} is a Salter {{c3::I}} fracture of the proximal femoral epiphysis (w…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSlipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) typically affects children slightly {{c1::older::older/younger}} than those…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Klein’s}} line is a line drawn along lateral margin of {{c3::femoral neck}}, which should normally intersect t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalInitial radiographic findings of Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) on an AP view can be subtle, inc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalArrow: minimal widening of the {{c1::left physis}}Dashed lines: asymmetry in the alignment of the {{c2::Klein's line…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe physeal widening and displacement in Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)  is best evaluated …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalFindings: very slight {{c1::medial slippage}} of the left femoral head Arrows: {{c2::physeal widening }}Di…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe goal of imaging in Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is to identify “preslip” Slipped capi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is the major complication and treatment for Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)?{{c1::osteonecrosis; …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe initial findings of osteomyelitis are often subtle on radiography and may require a combination of {{c1::plain r…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalOsteomyelitis in children is most commonly {{c1::hematogenous::hematogenous/direct}}, with the {{c2::metaphyseal mar…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIn infants, the epiphysis receives blood supply from {{c1::transphyseal vessels}} arising from metaphysis, so infect…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIn older children, capillaries {{c1::do not::do/do not}} cross physis, so transphyseal extension of a metaphyseal in…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe most common organism implicated in hematogenous osteomyelitis is {{c1::S. aureus}}, with {{c2::Salmonella}} seen…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe initial hematogenous infection in osteomyelitis is {{c1::intramedullary}} and then subsequently spreads through …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhy does osteomyelitis in a child have a prominent periosteal reaction?The pediatric {{c1::periosteum}} is {{c1::loo…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIt usually takes {{c1::10}}–{{c1::14}} days for findings of osteomyelitis to become evident on radiography.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalFindings of osteomyelitis are seen on bone scan within {{c1::24}}-{{c1::72}} hours of symptom onset.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe initial radiographic finding for osteomyelitis may be {{c1::focal osteopenia}} due to hyperemia.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIn subsequent radiographic findings for osteomyelitis, a lucent, often aggressive appearing medullary lesion can ero…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalRadiographs: {{c1::irregular luceny}} of the metaphysis MRI: extensive {{c2::marrow edema}} extending into epip…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhy is isolated primary discitis unique to children?{{c1::Blood vessels directly feeding the intervetebral disc.&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalA typical clinical history of discitis is a young child up to 4 years old with preceding {{c1::upper respiratory tra…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalDiscitis most commonly occurs in the {{c1::lumbar}} spine in young children.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalLess commonly, discitis may occur in pre-teen children in the {{c1::thoracic}} spine.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe initial radiographic findings for discitis are {{c1::disc space narrowing}} and {{c2::vertebral end plate}} irre…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIf plain film is normal further evaluation with {{c1::MRI}} is recommended if clinical suspicion for discitis is hig…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalMRI of discitis shows {{c1::narrowing}} of the disc space, with {{c2::bone marrow edema}} of two adjacent vertebral …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalChronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a {{c2::non}}pyogenic, {{c2::inflammatory}} disorder that can m…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalChronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) tends to occur in {{c1::lower}} extremity {{c1::long}} bones.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalChronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is typically a diagnosis of exclusion and {{c1::is self-limit…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe key imaging finding for chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is {{c1::migratory lytic and sclerotic…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalUnlike infectious osteomyelitis, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) does not feature {{c1::soft tissu…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalChronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is associated with SAPHO syndrome:S-{{c1::Synovitis }}A-{{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalT1: hypointense {{c1::marrow::yellow arrows}} signal T2 fat suppresed: hyperintense {{c2::marrow edema}} and na…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSyphilis is caused by the spirochete {{c1::Treponema pallidum}}, and can be transmitted in utero through the pl…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Wimberger}} sign is destructive erosion of the medial aspect of the proximal tibial metaphysis. {{c1::Wimberge…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalSign: {{c1::Wimberger sign:: yellow arrow}}Red arrow: {{c2::periosteal reaction}} Diagnosis: {{c3::Congenital s…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is the most common chronic arthropathy of childhood?{{c1::Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a systemic idiopathic disease defined as being present for more than {{c1::6}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is usually rheumatoid-factor {{c1::negative::positive/negative}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe most common subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is {{c1::pauci (one joint)}}-articular disease, typic…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAlthough any joint can be affected in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), what is the most commonly affected joint?…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalEarliest radiographic changes in juvenile idopathic arthritis (JIA):{{c1::joint effusion}}{{c2::soft tissue swelling…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalLater radiographic changes seen in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA):{{c1::joint space narrowing}}{{c2::periostiti…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalChronic juvenile idiopathic arthritis leads to eventual {{c1::joint ankylosis}}, which is rare in contrast to adult …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe most common sites of ankylosis secondary to juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are in the {{c1::wrist}}, at the…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalCervical spine ankylosis in a child may appear similar to {{c1::Klippel-Feil}} syndrome.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalIn contrast to Klippel-Feil syndrome, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) does not feature {{c1::segmentation}} anom…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAccelerated skeletal maturation and accelerated bone growth are caused by synovitis and hyperemia, which lead to {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Still disease}} is an acute systemic subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis affecting children under the age…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Bone dysplasias}} are characterized by impairment of normal growth of bone yielding an abnormal skeleton.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalTerms to describe abnormal limb growth:proximal limb shortening → {{c1::rhizomelia}}middle limb shortening → {{c2::m…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalAchondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, and hypochondroplasia are examples of {{c1::rhizomelic}} dwarfism.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalJuene syndrome is an example of {{c1::acromelia::term for abnormal limb growth}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is the most common skeletal dysplasia and cause of dwarfism?{{c1::achondroplasia}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is a risk factor for achondroplasia?{{c1::advanced paternal age}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalRadiologic findings for achondroplasia include:Narrowing of {{c1::interpedicular distances}} in the lower …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalNarrowing of {{c2::interpedicular distances}} in the lower spine in achondroplasia causes spinal stenosis that is co…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalYellow double arrows: narrowing {{c1::interpedicular distances}} in the lower lumbar vertebraRed arrows: {{c2::tombs…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Musculoskeletal{{c1::Thanatophoric dysplasia}} is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThanatophoric dysplasia is inherited in an {{c1::autosomal dominant}} manner.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThanatophoric dysplasia radiographic findings: {{c1::Curved telephone receiver}} femurs • other findings i…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWhat is the skeletal dysplasia characterized primarily by abnormalities in the clavicles, ribs, cranium and pelvis?{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalThe key radiographic finding for cleidocranial dystosis is complete or partial absence of the {{c1::clavicles}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalCleidocranial dysostosis is strongly associated with {{c1::wormian::appearance}} bones in the skull.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: MusculoskeletalWormian bones can be seen in which conditions?{{c1::Cleidocrania dystosis}} {{c2::Hypothyroidism}}{{c3::Osteoge…
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