Notes in Introduction to Microbe World

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Published	08/28/2024	What is the difference between phylogeny and taxidermy?Taxidermy classifies microbes based on {{c1::present structure}}.Phylogeny looks at microb…
Published	08/28/2024	What are the 3 domains of life?1) {{c1::Bacteria}}2) {{c1::Archaea}}3) {{c1::Eukaryotes}}
Published	08/28/2024	On Test What is a good way to distinguish bacteria and archaea?First AA in bacterial proteins = {{c1::methionine}}, archaea = {{c1::for…
Published	08/28/2024	When naming an organism, which comes first, genus or species name?{{c1::Genus first (capitalized), species second}}
Published	08/28/2024	Prokaryotes can have {{c1::strain}} designations attached to names.Ex: O157:H7
Published	08/28/2024	What is the ∆ence btwn. Microbiota and microbiome?Microbiota: {{c1::the community of microbes themselves}}Microbiome: {{c1::collective genomes of…
Published	08/28/2024	What is a keystone species in microbiota?A keystone species dictates what other {{c1:: microbes can exist w/in the microbiome}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the keystone species of the Archaeome?{{c1::Methanogens}}
Published	08/28/2024	Do all viruses in the human virome infect human cells?{{c1::No, can have bacteriophages --> can help control bacteria (good and bad) w/in you :)}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are some eukaryotes in the human Eukaryome?Can include {{c1::fungi, parasites, protists}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are all of the fungi on human body called?The {{c1::Mycobiome}}
Published	08/28/2024	Where do you generally find microbiota?On {{c1::mucosa}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is a general benefit from having microbiota?{{c1::Interference / antagonism}} --> out-compete potential microbial invaders.Can also enhance {{…
Published	08/28/2024	What can disrupt your normal flora/microbiome?Treatment with {{c1::antibiotics}}.Becoming {{c1::immunosuppressed}}.Highly {{c1::pathoge…
Published	08/28/2024	What's an ex. of an opportunistic pathogen?{{c1::C. Diff. (Clostridium Difficile)}}.Can treat with ceasation of {{c1::antibiotic}} treatment or fecal …
Published	08/28/2024	What are the 3 bacteria shapes?Coccus: {{c1::Sphere}}Bacillus: {{c1::Rods}}Spiral: {{c1::Spiral ^-^}}Shape tells how well it can surviv…
Published	08/28/2024	What are some ∆ arrangements of bacteria?"Strept": {{c1::chain}}"Staphylo": {{c1::clusters}}"Diplo": {{c1::two little guys}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the ∆ence btwn. Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria?Gram (+): {{c1::single membrane, thick cell wall}}Gram (-): {{c1::inner + outer membrane, …
Published	08/28/2024	More ∆ences btwn Gram (-) / Gram (+):1) Gram (-) has extracellular lipid: {{c1::Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)}}.2) Gram (+) have extracellular acids: {{c1:…
Published	08/28/2024	Why do Gram (+) microbes stain deeper purple than Gram (-)?Gram (+) have {{c1::thicker cell wall --> absorbs more crystal violet stain}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are the 3 segments of LPS (lipopolysaccharide)?Ascending:1) {{c1::Lipid A}}2) {{c1::Core Antigen}}3) {{c1::O Antigen}}
Published	08/28/2024	Can you have bacteria that aren't Gram (-) or Gram (+)?{{c1::Yes}},Ex: Borrelia burgdorferi has {{c1::double}} membrane, but lacks extracellular …
Published	08/28/2024	What is a major component of Cell Walls?{{c1::Peptidoglycans}}Sugars = dimers of {{c1::NAG}} and {{c1::NAM}}
Published	08/28/2024	What does cross-bridging btwn NAG and NAM do?{{c1::^ structural stability}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which uses cross-bridges more?{{c1::Gram(+)::Gram(-)/Gram(+)}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Can bacteria be neither Gram(-) nor Gram (+)?{{c1::Yes,}} Ex: {{c1::Mycoplasma}} --> no cell wall.
Published	08/28/2024	What happens during bacterial lag phase (phase of growth)?{{c1::Transport nutrients into cell}}
Published	08/28/2024	What happens during bacterial log phase?{{c1::Logarythmic/exponential growth}}
Published	08/28/2024	What happens during bacterial stationary phase (stage of growth)?{{c1::bacteria death rate = bacteria replication rate}}
Published	08/28/2024	What happens during bacterial death phase?{{c1::More bacteria dying than being made}}
Published	08/28/2024	What type of bacteria do we have to worry about in humans?1) Temp: {{c1::Mesophiles}}2) pH: {{c1::Neutrophiles, some acidophiles (stomach, Heliob…
Published	08/28/2024	How can acid-resistance help bacteria infect humans?^ {{c1::acid resistance}}, ^ {{c1::infectivity}}
Published	08/28/2024	How can a microbe's resistance to osmotic pressure help them infect humans?increased ability to keep {{c1::water}} = increased {{c1::infectivity}}Ex: …
Published	08/28/2024	What is one way bacteria can defend against macrophages?Macrophages secrete toxic {{c1::ROS / RNS}}.Bacteria make {{c1::detoxifying enzymes}…
Published	08/28/2024	What are obligate aerobes?Absolutely need {{c1::Oxygen to grow}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are Facultative Anaerobes?Can do {{c1::aerobic}} and {{c1::anaerobic respiration}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are obligate anaerobes?Cannot grow {{c1::in presence of oxygen}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are Aerotolerant Anaerobes?Dont do {{c1::aerobic}} respiration, but do have {{c1::antioxidant defense mechanisms}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are microaerophiles?Can do a little {{c1::aerobic respiration}}
Published	08/28/2024	The human virome includes:1. {{c1::parasitic}}2. {{c1::commensal}}3. {{c1::mutualistic}}
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