Notes in 02 Gram Variable Bacteria

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Published	05/31/2024	Nocardia causes {{c1::pulmonary}} infections in the immuno{{c2::compromised}}
Published	05/31/2024	Nocardia causes {{c1::cutaneous}} infections after trauma in the immuno{{c2::competent}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with neonatal conjunctivitis?{{c1::D-K}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which bacteria often causes subacute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and hence often goes undiagnosed?{{c1::Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)}} is an STD characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Legionella pneumophila}} is a cause of pneumonia that is transmitted from {{c2::water}} sources
Published	05/31/2024	Does interstitial pneumonia typically involve one or multiple lobes? {{c1::Multiple (diffuse)}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Chlamydophila pneumoniae}} is the second most common cause of {{c1::atypical}} pneumonia in young adults
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Whipple}} disease is characterized by systemic tissue damage with macrophages loaded with {{c1::Tropheryma whipplei::species}} organisms
Published	05/31/2024	Tropheryma whipplei is an intracellular, gram {{c1::positive}} organism
Published	05/31/2024	The granules in macrophages in Whipple disease stain positive for {{c1::PAS}} and are {{c2::diastase}} resistant
Published	05/31/2024	Which malabsorption syndrome is associated with PAS positive, foamy macrophages? {{c1::Whipple disease}}
Published	05/31/2024	Whipple disease classically involves the {{c1::lamina propria::mucosal layer}} of the small bowel
Published	05/31/2024	Whipple disease may present with fat malabsorption and {{c2::steatorrhea}} due to compression of {{c1::lacteals}} by macrophages
Published	05/31/2024	The extraintestinal symptoms of Whipple disease may be remembered with the mnemonic {{c1::Foamy Whipped cream in a CAN}}
Published	05/31/2024	What demographic is most commonly affected by Whipple disease? {{c1::Males >40 years old::Sex and age}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Mycoplasma::Which bacteria}} does not {{c3::Gram}} stain because it lacks a cell wall; its cell membrane instead has {{c2::sterols}} for st…
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Mycobacteria::which bacteria}} cell walls contain {{c2::mycolic}} acid, therefore a special {{c3::Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast)::two terms}} stain i…
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Actinomyces}} and {{c3::Nocardia}} are bacteria that have a {{c1::branching or filamentous}} shape
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Intra}}cellular bacteria do not {{c1::gram}} stain well, including {{c3::Rickettsia}}, {{c5::Chlamydia}}, Coxiella, and {{c4::Legionella}}
Published	05/31/2024	The Ziehl-Neelsen (acid fast) stain is used to stain the bacteria {{c1::Mycobacterium (e.g. TB, leprosy)}} and {{c1::Nocardia}}, as well as the protoz…
Published	05/31/2024	Which bacteria produces yellow-orange pigments?{{c1::Actinomyces}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c3::Chlamydia::Which STI}} spp. are {{c1::obligate::facultative or obligate}} {{c2::intracellular}} bacteria
Published	05/31/2024	Can Chlamydia spp. produce its own ATP?{{c1::No}}
Published	05/31/2024	1st stage of Chlamydia spp. life cycle: {{c1::elementary bodies}}
Published	05/31/2024	2nd stage of Chlamydia spp. life cycle: {{c1::reticulate bodies}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which life cycle stage of Chlamydia spp. is extracellular?{{c1::Elementary body}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which life cycle stage of Chlamydia spp. is intracellular?{{c1::Reticulate body}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which life cycle stage of Chlamydia spp. undergoes replication?{{c1::Reticulate body}}
Published	05/31/2024	Lysis of the cell results in {{c1::Chlamydia}} spp. returning back to the elementary body from the reticulate body
Published	05/31/2024	Which form in the life cycle of Chlamydia spp. is infectious?{{c1::Elementary body}}
Published	05/31/2024	Cells infected with Chlamydia spp. will show cytoplasmic {{c1::inclusion/reticulate bodies}} under microscope
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Chlamydia and gonorrhea::Which STIs [2]}} are commonly diagnosed via {{c1::nucleic-acid amplification}} test
Published	05/31/2024	What is the most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States?{{c1::Chlamydia trachomatis types D-K}}
Published	05/31/2024	Chlamydia {{c4::trachomatis}} has 3 common groups of serotypes: {{c1::types A, B, C}}; {{c2::types D-K}}, {{c3::types L1, L2, L3}}
Published	05/31/2024	Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes {{c1::D-K}} and {{c1::L1-L3}} cause a STI
Published	05/31/2024	{{c3::Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K}} causes an STI characterized by a(n) {{c2::watery/mucopurulent}} discharge
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Neonatal conjunctivitis}} due to {{c4::Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K}} infection during childbirth occurs {{c3::late::early/late}} ({{c3::…
Published	05/31/2024	Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes {{c1::D-K}} infected neonates can develop neonatal {{c2::pneumonia}}, with a characteristic {{c3::staccato}} cough and…
Published	05/31/2024	{{c3::Chlamydia trachomatis}} {{c1::serotypes L1, L2, L3::which serotypes}} cause {{c2::lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)}}
Published	05/31/2024	Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is characterized by {{c4::late::early or late}} tender {{c3::inguinal lymphadenopathy}}
Published	05/31/2024	Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is characterized by {{c4::early::early or late}} non-tender {{c3::ulcers}} on genitals
Published	05/31/2024	Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is treated with {{c1::doxycycline}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Chlamydophila pneumoniae::Which strain of Chlamydia}} causes {{c2::atypical (walking)}} pneumonia most commonly in the {{c3::elderly::which demo…
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Chlamydophila psittaci::Which strain of Chlamydia}} causes {{c2::atypical (walking)}} pneumonia most commonly transmitted by {{c3::bird}} droppi…
Published	05/31/2024	Treatment for Chlamydia includes {{c2::doxycycline}} (first-line) or {{c1::azithromycin}} (second-line) ± {{c3::ceftriaxone}} for confirmed or empiric…
Published	05/31/2024	What is the recommended treatment for Legionnaire's disease?{{c1::Macrolides}} or {{c1::respiratory fluoroquinolones (e.g. levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)…
Published	05/31/2024	Nocardia is a gram {{c1::positive}} {{c2::branching filamentous rod::shape}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the oxygen dependency of Nocardia spp.?{{c1::Obligate aerobe}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Nocardia spp.}} is a gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that is normally found in soil
Published	05/31/2024	Which gram positive filamentous rod contains mycolic acids in its cell wall?{{c1::Nocardia}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which stain (other than Gram) is used to visualize Nocardia spp.?{{c1::Acid-fast; Nocardia is weakly acid fast}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the urease expression of Nocardia spp?{{c1::Positive}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which aerobic gram positive filamentous rod is associated with pneumonia-like symptoms?{{c1::Nocardia}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which gram positive filamentous rod is associated with cavitary lesions in the lung?{{c1::Nocardia}}
Published	05/31/2024	Nocardia can present with {{c1::pneumonia}}-like symptoms and {{c1::cavitary lesions}} in the lungs
Published	05/31/2024	Nocardia dissemination commonly occurs to the CNS, causing {{c1::brain abscess}} formation
Published	05/31/2024	What is the treatment for Nocardia spp. infection?{{c1::Sulfonamides}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Nocardia}} is a filamentous-branching gram-positive organism that can cause brain abscess
Published	05/31/2024	What is the stain and shape of Actinomyces?{{c1::Gram-positive, filamentous rod}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the oxygen dependency of Actinomyces?{{c1::Obligate anaerobe}}
Published	05/31/2024	Actinomyces is normal flora of the {{c1::oral cavity}}, GI, and GU tracts
Published	05/31/2024	Which bacteria is commonly associated with jaw trauma?{{c1::Actinomyces}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Cervicofacial mycetoma}} is a complication of {{c3::Actinomyces}} abscess formation and presents with a characteristic '{{c2::lumpy jaw}}'
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Actinomyces}} is a bacteria that causes oral/facial abscesses that drain through {{c1::sinus tracts}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which bacteria is associated with yellow sulfur granules?{{c1::Actinomyces}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the treatment for Actinomyces infection?{{c1::Penicillin G}}
Published	05/31/2024	Actinomyces is commonly transmitted in the setting of {{c1::dental}} procedures
Published	05/31/2024	Actinomyces infection of the genitourinary system in women is associated with {{c1::intrauterine devices (IUDs)::object}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the gram stain of Legionella?{{c1::Gram negative*}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the shape of Legionella?{{c1::Rod}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Legionella pneumophila}} is a bacterium grown on {{c1::buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE)}} with iron and cysteine
Published	05/31/2024	Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium grown on buffered charcoal yeast extract with {{c1::iron}} and {{c1::cysteine}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is often self-limited?{{c1::Pontiac fever}}
Published	05/31/2024	Pontiac fever caused by {{c2::Legionella pneumophila}} is characterized by fever and {{c1::malaise}} (flu-like symptoms)
Published	05/31/2024	Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is more common in smokers?{{c1::Legionnaires' disease}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Legionnaires' disease}} due to Legionella pneumophila is characterized by a(n) {{c2::lobar}} or {{c2::atypical (interstitial)}} pneumonia
Published	05/31/2024	{{c2::Legionnaires' disease}} caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with low blood {{c1::Na+ (hyponatremia)}}
Published	05/31/2024	Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with {{c1::headache and confusion::2 neurologic symptoms}}
Published	05/31/2024	Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with {{c1::diarrhea::GI symptom}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with high fever and NO respiratory symptoms (pneumonia)?{{c1::Pontiac fever}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the definitive test for diagnosing Legionnaires' disease (Legionella pneumophila)?{{c1::Sputum culture}}
Published	05/31/2024	What are two rapid tests for diagnosing Legionnaires' disease (Legionella pneumophila)?{{c1::PCR or urine antigen test (fastest)}}
Published	05/31/2024	Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with high fever and respiratory symptoms (pneumonia)?{{c1::Legionnaires' disease}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the Gram stain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?{{c1::None :) (no cell wall)}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the most common cause of pneumonia in individuals living in close quarters?{{c1::Mycoplasma pneumoniae}}
Published	05/31/2024	What demographic is associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?{{c1::Young adults (< 30 y.o.)}}
Published	05/31/2024	{{c3::Mycoplasma pneumoniae}} is a bacteria associated with Ig{{c1::M}} {{c1::cold}} agglutination of {{c2::RBCs}}
Published	05/31/2024	What is the most specific test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?{{c1::PCR}}
Published	05/31/2024	Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae includes {{c1::macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin)}}, {{c2::doxycycline}}, or {{c3::fluoroquinolones (levofloxa…
Published	05/31/2024	Chlamydial cell wall lacks {{c1::peptidoglycan}} due to the absence of {{c2::muramic acid}}, rendering {{c3::β-lactam}} antibiotics ineffective
Published	05/31/2024	Atypical pneumonia does not respond well to {{c1::beta-lactam}} antibiotics because it is mostly caused by viruses or intracellular orgnanisms that la…
Published	05/31/2024	Legionella typically grows in {{c1::warm}} water
Published	05/31/2024	The majority of disease caused by legionella pneumophila is caused by serotype group {{c1::1}}
Published	05/31/2024	The main risk factors for legionella disease include {{c1::male::sex}}, {{c1::50+::age}} y/o, smoker, chronic {{c1::heart}} or {{c1::lung}} …
Published	05/31/2024	Treat legionella with drugs that target {{c1::intracellular}} pathogens
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Mycoplasma pneumoniae}} can cause {{c2::bullous myringitis}} which is an infection that causes bullae on the eardrum
Published	05/31/2024	Chlamydia life cycle starts with phagocytosis of {{c1::elementary bodies}} and then progresses to form {{c2::reticular bodies}} when the phagosomes fu…
Published	05/31/2024	{{c1::Chlamydophila pneumoniae}} is a rare cause of "atypical" pneumonia; may be asymptomatic
Published	05/31/2024	Diagnose Chlamydophila pneumoniae with {{c1::PCR}} and treat it with {{c2::doxycycline}} or {{c2::azithromycin}}
Published	05/31/2024	When you see birds in a question, you should start thinking of {{c1::chlamydophila psittaci}}
Published	05/31/2024	Actinomyces {{c1::is not::is vs. is not}} acid fast, and nocardia {{c1::is::is vs. is not}} acid fast
Published	05/31/2024	Actinomyces is unique because it spreads {{c1::contiguously}}
Published	05/31/2024	In addition to affecting the cervicofacial area and the abdominal area, actinomyces can affect the {{c1::GI}} system (causing dysphagia) or the {{c1::…
Published	05/31/2024	To diagnose whipple disease (due to tropheryma whipplei), do an {{c1::upper endoscopy with biopsy}}
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