Notes in 09Heart

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Published	07/30/2024	Its {{c1::right::r/l}} side receives oxygen-{{c2::poor}} blood from the body tissues and then pumps this blood to the lungs
Published	07/30/2024	Its {{c1::left::r/l}} side receives the oxygen-{{c2::rich}} blood returning from the lungs and pumps this blood throughout the body
Published	07/30/2024	The heart is the largest organ in the mediastinum [T/F]{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	The heart's apex lies to the {{c1::left::location}} of the midline and {{c1::anterior::location}} to the rest of the heart
Published	07/30/2024	Corners of the heart Right Superior CornerLeft Superior Corner {{c1::3rd chondrosternal junction}}{{c2::2nd Left C…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pericardium}} - Triple-layered sac that encloses the heart
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fibrous pericardium}} - outer layer of the pericardium
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::serous pericardium}} forms the walls of the pericardial cavity
Published	07/30/2024	The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the {{c1::epicardium}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pericarditis causes the beating of the heart to produce a creaking sound called {{c1::pericardial friction rub}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cardiac Tamponade}} occurs when large amounts of fluid resulting from the inflammatory response exude into the pericardial cavity.
Published	07/30/2024	The wall of the heart has three layers: {{c1::superficial epicardium}}{{c1::middle myocardium}}{{c1::deep endocardium}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::epicardium::layer of the heart}} is often infiltrated with fat, especially in older people
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::myocardium}} forms the bulk of the heart wall that consists of cardiac muscle tissue and skeleton
Published	07/30/2024	Connective tissues bind cardiac muscle cells together into elongated, circularly and spirally arranged networks called {{c1::cardiac muscle bundles}}
Published	07/30/2024	The connective tissues of the myocardium form the {{c1::cardiac skeleton}}, which reinforces the myocardium internally, anchors the cardiac muscle fib…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::endocardium::layer of the heart wall}} is a lines the inside of the heart, covers the valves, and contains the purkinje fibers
Published	07/30/2024	the heart is divided longitudinally by partitions called the {{c1::interatrial septum}} between the atria and the {{c1::interventricular septum}} betw…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::coronary sulcus}} extends horizontally, circling the boundary between the atria and the ventricles
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::anterior interventricular sulcus}} extends vertically, marking the anterior position of the interventricular septum
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::posterior interventricular sulcus}} separates the two ventricles on the heart’s inferior/diaphragmatic surface
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::right atrium}} forms the right border of the heart
Published	07/30/2024	The right atrium receives blood via three veins: {{c1::superior vena cava}}{{c1::inferior vena cava}}{{c1::coronary sinus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::right auricle}} is a small flap shaped like a dog’s ear projects anteriorly from the location corner of the atrium
Published	07/30/2024	Internally, the right atrium has two parts: {{c1::a smooth-walled::posterior}}{{c1::horizontal ridges called the pectinate muscles::anterior}}which ar…
Published	07/30/2024	The SVC opens {{c1::posterior::direction}} to the superior bend of the cristaThe IVC opens {{c2::posterior::direction}} to the inferior bend of the cr…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::Fossa ovalis}} is posterior to the inferior part of the Crista terminalis in the right atrium where a depression in the interatrial septum t…
Published	07/30/2024	Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the {{c1::tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The sternocostal (anterior) surface of the heart is formed by the {{c1::RA and RV}}
Published	07/30/2024	Thin, strong bands called {{c1::chordae tendineae}} project superiorly from the {{c2::papillary muscles}} to the flaps (cusps) of the {{c3::AV va…
Published	07/30/2024	Superiorly, the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk contains the {{c1::pulmonary semilunar valve (or simply, pulmonary valve):…
Published	07/30/2024	The LA receives oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs through {{c1::two right and two left pulmonary veins::vessels}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only part of the LA visible anteriorly is its {{c1::triangular left auricle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Internally, most of the {{c2::LA::RA/LA}} wall is smooth, with pectinate muscles lining the {{c1::auricle}} only
Published	07/30/2024	The left atrium opens into the left ventricle through the {{c1::mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve)::valve}}
Published	07/30/2024	The RV has {{c1::3::n}} {{c1::small::small/big}} papillary muscles
Published	07/30/2024	The LV has {{c1::2::n}} {{c1::big::small/big}} papillary muscles
Published	07/30/2024	The diaphragmatic (inferior) surface of the heart is formed by the {{c1::LV and RV}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only valve with 2 cusps is the {{c1::mitral/biscuspid}} valve
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::"lub" (S1)}} sound is produced by the closing of the {{c2::AV}} valves at the {{c3::start}} of ventricular contractionThe {{c1::"dub" (S2)}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Which closes first? The tricuspid or mitral valve?{{c1::mitral}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which closes first? The pulmonary or aortic valve?{{c1::aortic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aortic valve sound locations AorticPulmonary {{c1::2nd RICS, sternal margin}}{{c2::2nd LICS, sternal margin}}Tric…
Published	07/30/2024	the heart of an average person at rest beats {{c1::60–100}} times per minute
Published	07/30/2024	The term that describes the contraction of a heart chamber is {{c1::systole}}
Published	07/30/2024	the time during which a heart chamber is relaxing and filling with blood is termed {{c1::diastole}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Thickness 1. RV 2. LV{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	The RV is shaped like a {{c1::crescent}}the LV is shaped like a {{c1::cone}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy}} is the inherited condition in which the wall of the left ventricle (especially the interventricular septum) is abn…
Published	07/30/2024	Valves that leak because they fail to close properly are considered {{c1::incompetent (or are said to exhibit insufficiency)}}
Published	07/30/2024	valves with narrowed openings, such as occur when cusps have fused or become stiffened by calcium deposits, are termed {{c1::stenotic}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::mitral}} valve, and the {{c1::aortic}} valve to a lesser extent because are usually who are involved in valvular disorders
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::mitral valve prolapse}} is an inherited weakness of the collagen in the valve and chordae tendineae allows one or both cusps of this valve to “f…
Published	07/30/2024	The impulse that signals each heartbeat begins at the crescent-shaped {{c1::sinoatrial (SA) node}} just inferior to the entrance of the {{c2::SVC…
Published	07/30/2024	From the SA node, impulses travel along the atria and an internodal pathway to the {{c1::atrioventricular (AV) node}} neary the opening of the {{c2::c…
Published	07/30/2024	After the delay in the AV node, impulses race through the {{c1::atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)}}, which enters the interventricular sept…
Published	07/30/2024	About halfway down the septum, the bundle branch impulses terminate in the {{c1::subendocardial conducting network (purkinje fibers)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Impulses in the subendocardial conducting network (purkinje fibers) go from the {{c1::apex of the heart to the ventricular walls}}
Published	07/30/2024	Damage to AV node and AV bundle where the ventricles beat at an intrinsic rate that is slower than that of the atria—and too slow to maintai…
Published	07/30/2024	The parasympathetic nerves to the heart are exert effects on the {{c1::SA and AV nodes and the coronary arteries}}
Published	07/30/2024	The sympathetic nerves travel to the heart from the {{c1::cervical and upper thoracic}} chain ganglia
Published	07/30/2024	The sympathetic nerves of the heart exert effects on the {{c1::entire musculature}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardiac centers in the brain: {{c1::reticular formation}}{{c1::medulla}}
Published	07/30/2024	The LCA arises from the left side of the aorta, passes posterior to the pulmonary trunk, then divides into two branches: {{c1::anterior IV artery/left…
Published	07/30/2024	THe {{c1::anterior interventricular/left anterior descending artery (LAD)}} descends in the anterior interventricular sulcus toward the {{c2::apex of …
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Right marginal}} artery emerges from the right coronary artery at the inferior border of the heart
Published	07/30/2024	The anterior interventricular/left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies the {{c1::interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles}}
Published	07/30/2024	The right marginal artery supplies the {{c1::RV and the apex}}
Published	07/30/2024	The posterior interventricular/posterior descending artery (PDA) supplies the {{c1::RA and much of the RV}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::coronary sinus}} is the largest of the cardiac veins located in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus
Published	07/30/2024	Draining into the coronary sinus are three large tributaries: the {{c1::great cardiac}} vein in the {{c2::anterior interventricular sulcus}}the {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::anterior}} surface of the {{c2::right}} ventricle contains several {{c1::horizontal anterior cardiac}} veins that empty directly into the RA
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Atherosclerosis}} is the accumulation of fatty deposits in the inner lining of the body’s arteries which results in {{c2::Coronary Artery Diseas…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::angina pectoris}} is a common symptom of CAD where there is thoracic pain caused by inadequate oxygenation of heart muscle cells leading to…
Published	07/30/2024	If the blockage of a coronary artery is more complete or prolonged, the oxygen-starved cardiac muscle cells die resulting in {{c1::myocardial infarcti…
Published	07/30/2024	Is myocardial damage from a heart attack is irreversible?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::silent ischemia}} is a condition in which blood flow to the heart is interrupted often, exactly as in angina, but without any pain to provide wa…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heart failure}} is the progressive weakening of the heart as it fails to keep pace with the demands of pumping blood and thus cannot meet the bo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::congestive heart failure}} is when the heart enlarges greatly while its pumping efficiency progressively declines
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::pulmonary arterial hypertension}} is the enlargement and sometimes ultimate failure of the right ventricle resulting from elevated blood pressur…
Published	07/30/2024	Vessels commonly used for bypass surgery are the following:{{c1::internal thoracic arterysaphenous veinradial artery::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::ventricular fibrillation}} is the most common cause of cardiac arrest and sudden death in patients with hearts damaged by coronary artery diseas…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::atrial fibrillation}} is when multiple waves of impulses circle within the atrial myocardium, randomly stimulating the AV node, which then signa…
Published	07/30/2024	All blood vessels begin as condensations of {{c1::mesodermal mesenchyme}} called {{c2::blood islands}}
Published	07/30/2024	blood islands destined to become the heart form in the {{c1::splanchnic mesoderm}} around the future {{c2::head}} and {{c2::neck}} of the embryonic di…
Published	07/30/2024	When the embryonic heart first reaches the thorax, it is {{c2::a pair of endothelial tubes}} in the body midline. These tubes fuse into a single tube …
Published	07/30/2024	The heart starts pumping about day {{c1::22}}, by which time {{c2::four::number}} bulges have developed along the heart tube
Published	07/30/2024	These bulges are the earliest heart chambers and are unpaired. From {{c1::tail}} to {{c1::head}}, following the direction of blood flow, the four cham…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Sinus venosus}} will become the {{c2::smooth}}-walled part of the {{c2::right}} atrium and the {{c2::coronary sinus}}; it als…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::Atrium}} (embryonic chamber) becomes the {{c1::ridged}} parts of the {{c1::right}} and {{c1::left atria}}
Published	07/30/2024	The strongest pumping chamber of the early heart, the embryonic {{c1::ventricle}} gives rise to the {{c2::left ventricle}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::bulbus cordis}} and its most cranial extension, the {{c2::truncus arteriosus}}, give rise to the {{c3::pulmonary trunk}} and {{c3::firs…
Published	07/30/2024	During month {{c1::2}} of development, the heart divides into its four definitive chambers by the formation of its midline septum and valves
Published	07/30/2024	How do the septa of the heart form
Published	07/30/2024	regional thickenings of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart wall
Published	07/30/2024	These cells contribute to the developing heart valves and to the bases of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta, the two great arteries that form by…
Published	07/30/2024	The two atria remain interconnected by a hole in the {{c1::interatrial}} septum—the {{c2::foramen ovale}}—until birth, at which time this hole closes …
Published	07/30/2024	Most of the common congenital heart defects can be traced to month {{c1::2}} of development
Published	07/30/2024	The most common congenital heart defect
Published	07/30/2024	superior (cranial) region of the interventricular septum fails to form, leaving a hole between the two ventricles
Published	07/30/2024	In ventricular septal defect, more blood is shunted from left to right because the left ventricle is stronger [T/F]
Published	07/30/2024	Aorta comes from right ventricle; pulmonary trunk from left. Results when the bulbus cordis does not divide properly. Unoxygenated blood passes repeat…
Published	07/30/2024	A part of the aorta is narrowed, increasing the workload of the left ventricle
Published	07/30/2024	What are the 4 defects of Tetralogy of Fallot
Published	07/30/2024	Age-related changes that affect the heart include the following:
Published	07/30/2024	Failure of the heart to contract
Published	07/30/2024	The RV receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circuit via the {{c1::pulmonary trunk::artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Internally, both ventricle walls are marked by irregular ridges of muscle called {{c1::trabeculae carneae}}
Published	07/30/2024	cone-shaped {{c1::papillary muscles}} project from both ventricle walls into the ventricular cavity to the cusps of the AV valves
Published	07/30/2024	The base (posterior) of the heart is formed by the {{c1::LA}}
Published	07/30/2024	The LV opens into the stem artery of the systemic circulation (the aorta) through the {{c1::aortic semilunar valve (or simply, aortic valve)::valve}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::circumflex (Cx)}} artery follows the coronary sulcus posteriorly
Published	07/30/2024	The right coronary artery (RCA) emerges from the right side of the aorta and descends in the coronary sulcus on the anterior surface of the …
Published	07/30/2024	The posterior IV/posterior descending artery (PDA) emerges from the {{c2::R::R/L}}CA in the posterior interventricular sulcus
Published	07/30/2024	The circumflex artery (Cx) supplies the {{c1::LA and posterior of LV}}
Published	07/30/2024	The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies the {{c1::RA and anterior of the RV}}
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