Notes in Foundational Science

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Published	08/28/2024	Continuous replication occurs on the {{c1::leading}} strand and discontinuous replication occurs on the {{c2::lagging strands}} of DNA.
Published	08/28/2024	What direction does DNA polymerase synthesize?{{c1::5'-3'}}
Published	08/28/2024	What direction does DNA polymerase exonuclease activity occur? {{c1::3'-5'. prokaryotes also have 5'-3' activity.}}
Published	08/28/2024	How is replication semiconservative?{{c1::each parental strand serves as a template}}
Published	08/28/2024	Bidirectional replication means replication can happen in {{c1::two}} directions and uses {{c2::replication forks}}
Published	08/28/2024	Why does DNA replication include okazaki fragements?{{c1::because DNA polymerase can only synthesize 5'-3'}}
Published	08/28/2024	Why does DNA replication require primase?{{c1::DNA polymerase can only add to existing nucleotidechains}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::DNA polymerase I}} removes primers in {{c2::prokaryotes}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::RNAse H}} removes primers in {{c2::eukaryotes}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::DNA polymerase I}} fills the gaps between okazaki fragments in prokaryotes and {{c2::DNA polymerase 𝛿 or Delta}} fills the gaps in eukaryot…
Published	08/28/2024	DNA {{c1::ligase}} catalzes formation of phosphodiester bonds between {{c2::nucleotides}}
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Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::sliding clamp}} ensures {{c2::polymerase remains attached}} to DNA. The {{c1::clamp loading protein}} loads the sliding clamp onto {{c2::pr…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Helicase}} unwinds parental DNA with ATP while the {{c1::single stranded DNA proteins}} stabilizes the unqound DNA
Published	08/28/2024	Topoisomease has to be extremeley regulated becuase it purposefully induces single {{c1::stranded}} or double{{c1::stranded breaks}} to relieve tensio…
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Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Prokaryotes}} have {{c2::one}} origin of replication while {{c1::eukaryotes}} have {{c2::multiple}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Why do telomeres shorten with every chromosomal replication?{{c1::DNA polymerase can only extend from primers in the 5'-3' direction}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Telomerase}} may be the answer to cancer and cellular immortality, becuase it {{c2::restores the telomeres.}}
Published	08/28/2024	What are the two types of substitutions?{{c1::transitions}} and {{c1::transversions}}
Published	08/28/2024	Deamination is the loss of {{c1::amino group}} and depurination is the loss of {{c2::the base}} both are classified as {…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::UV}} is the most common cause of {{c2::pyrimidine dimers}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::alkylation}} is a standard chemotherapy while carcinogens add {{c1::bulky groups}} to DNA bases
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::methyltransferase}} is a type of {{c2::direct repair enzyme}} that removes a methyl group from a DNA base
Published	08/28/2024	base excision removes {{c1::SINGLE}} bases while nucleotide excision repair removes {{c1::MULTIPLE}} nucleotides adjcent to the error
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::mismatch repair}} removes incorrect bases specifically from the {{c2::new}} DNA strand
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::translesion DNA synthesis}} is when replication stalls becuase of an error that direct repair or excision repair did not catch.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::end joining}} and {{c1::homologous recombination}} are the two ways double stranded breaks are repaired. Which one loses base pairs in the …
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