Notes in Case 1: Diabetes

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/01/2024	What type of hypersensitivity is type 1 diabetes mellitus? {{c1::Type IV HSR (direct cell cytotoxicity)}}
Published	03/01/2024	What age group is most commonly affected by type 1 DM? {{c1::< 30 years old}}
Published	03/01/2024	What age group is most commonly affected by type 2 DM? {{c1::> 40 years old}}
Published	03/01/2024	Is type 1 DM characterized by a strong or weak genetic predisposition (compared to type 2)? {{c1::Relatively weak (50% concordance in identical twins)…
Published	03/01/2024	Is type 2 DM characterized by a strong or weak genetic predisposition (compared to type 1)?{{c1::Relatively strong (90% concordance in twin studies)}}
Published	03/01/2024	Histology of type 1 diabetes mellitus demonstrates islets with {{c1::leukocytic infiltrate (inflammation)}}
Published	03/01/2024	What is the level of insulin in a patient with type 2 diabetes? {{c1::Variable; increased early in disease, but may be decreased later in disease due …
Published	03/01/2024	Why does type 1 diabetes mellitus present with weight loss and decreased muscle mass?{{c1::Increased lipolysis and proteolysis}} due to {{c1::unoppose…
Published	03/01/2024	Why do patients with diabetes mellitus present with polyuria and polydipsia? {{c1::Excess glucose is filtered into the urine and pulls water with it}}
Published	03/01/2024	What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus?{{c1::Type 2}}
Published	03/01/2024	What demographic is most commonly associated with type 2 DM?{{c1::Middle-aged, obese patients}}
Published	03/01/2024	How does insulin resistance arise in obese patients (resulting in type 2 DM)?{{c1::Obesity causes downregulation of insulin receptors}}
Published	03/01/2024	What are the two major ketone bodies produced in a type 1 diabetic patient?{{c1::β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate}}
Published	03/01/2024	What demographic is most commonly associated with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia non-ketotic state? {{c1::Elderly type 2 diabetics, especially with limite…
Published	03/01/2024	In diabetes patients, {{c1::osmotic}} damage may occur when glucose in tissue is converted to {{c2::sorbitol}} by the enzyme {{c3::aldose reductase}}
Published	03/01/2024	In diabetes patients, {{c1::peripheral}} neuropathy and {{c1::autonomic}} neuropathy occurs as a result of osmotic damage to {{c2::Schwann}} cells
Published	03/01/2024	In diabetes patients, {{c2::blindness}} occurs as a result of osmotic damage to {{c1::pericytes::cell type}} of retinal blood vessels, weakening the v…
Published	03/01/2024	In diabetes patients, {{c1::cataracts}} occur as a result of osmotic damage to the {{c2::lens::structure}}
Published	03/01/2024	Insulin glulisine, aspart, and lispro are characterized by {{c1::rapid::rapid/short/intermediate/long}} action and duration
Published	03/01/2024	Glulisine, aspart, and lispro (rapid-acting insulin) are useful for controlling the {{c1::postprandial}} glucose spike
Published	03/01/2024	Insulin detemir, degludec, and glargine are characterized by {{c1::long::rapid/short/intermediate/long}} action and duration
Published	03/01/2024	What type(s) of diabetes mellitus may be treated with GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors?{{c1::Type 2 only; dependent on some functional β cells}}
Published	03/01/2024	{{c1::Metformin}}, a(n) {{c2::biguanide}}, is the first-line oral agent for the management of type {{c3::2}} diabetes
Published	03/01/2024	SGLT-2 inhibitors, such as canagliflozin, cause increased excretion of urinary {{c1::glucose (glucosuria)}}
Published	03/01/2024	Type {{c2::2}} diabetes mellitus is associated with deposition of {{c1::amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide)}} in the islets of the pancreas
Published	03/01/2024	What HLA subtypes are associated with type I diabetes mellitus? {{c1::DR3}} and {{c1::DR4}}
Published	03/01/2024	Anti-islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies are associated with {{c1::type I diabetes mellitus}}
Published	03/01/2024	Which form of diabetes mellitus is characterized by weight loss?{{c1::Type 1 Diabetes}}
Published	03/01/2024	What is the first step in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus after the diagnosis is made (HbA1c > 6.5%)?{{c1::Lifestyle changes and metformin}}
Published	03/01/2024	Type 1 DM is caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells by {{c1::CD8+ T}} cells and autoantibodies produced by B cells
Published	03/01/2024	Which diabetes type (1 or 2) is associated with other autoimmune diseases?{{c1::Type 1 DM}}
Published	03/01/2024	What endocrine pathology is associated with the loss of β cells and "β cell burnout"?{{c1::Type 2 DM}}
Published	03/01/2024	Metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and {{c1::type 2 DM (insulin resistance…
Published	03/01/2024	What is the total body phosphate level in a type 1 diabetic patient?{{c1::Decreased::Increased/Decreased}}
Published	03/01/2024	What are the 4 key elements of motivational interviewing?{{c1::1) express empathy2) roll with resistance3) develop discrepancy4) support self-efficacy…
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