Notes in 09 Airways

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Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Relapsing polychondritis}} is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent inflammation of {{…
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Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysThe {{c1::larynx}} and {{c2::subglottic trachea}} are the most common sites of airway involvement in Rela…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysRelapsing Polychondritis is generally seen in {{c1::middle-aged women::population}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysRelapsing Polychondritis on CT shows smooth tracheal/bronchial wall {{c1::thickening}} with {{c2::sparing}} of…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysThe Tracheal cartilage is a(n) {{c1::incomplete}} ring shape, with {{c1::no}} cartilage in the {{c1::posterior…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysRelapsing Polynchondritis on CT often shows {{c1::increased}} attenuation of the airway wall, even {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c6::Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO)}} is a {{c1::benign::benign/malignant}} condition of multiple…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysDiagnosis: {{c1::Tracheal Tuberculosis}}Yellow Arrows: {{c1::multifocal tracheal stenosis with left mainstem bronchus st…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysAirway involvement in Tuberculosis most commonly involves the distal {{c1::trachea}} and proximal {{c1::bronchi}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysAirway involvement in Tuberculosis is nonspecific, showing {{c2::smooth, concentric::2 words}} narrowing …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysDiagnosis: {{c1::Amyloidosis, but this is a nonspecific pattern and DDx includes Sarcoidosis, multifocal adenoid cystic …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysFindings: Nodular, irregular thickening of the tracheaDifferential Diagnosis:-{{c1::Amyloidosis}}-{{c2::Sarcoidosis}}-{{c3::M…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Amyloidosis}} causes irregular narrowing of the airways due to sub{{c2::mucosal}} {{c1::amyloid}} deposition, whic…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysTracheal Amyloidosis is {{c1::very rare::common/rare}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysTracheal Amyloidosis {{c1::does not::does / does not}} spare the posterior membranous trachea.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) / Wegener's involves the large airway in approximately {{c1::20}}% of c…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c2::Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) / Wegener's}} involving the large airway most commonly manifests as&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) / Wegener's {{c1::does not::does / does not}} spare the posterior membranous trac…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysGranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) / Wegener's {{c1::is not::is / is not}} associated with calcifications
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysSarcoidosis {{c1::does not::does / does not}} usually involve the trachea.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysTracheal Sarcoidosis has a {{c1::variable}} appearance.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysTracheal Sarcoidosis {{c1::does not spare::spares / does not spare}} the posterior membranous trachea
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Bronchiectasis}} is a progressive, {{c2::irreversible::reversible/irreversible}} dilation of {{c3::cartilage}…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysBronchiectasis occurs as a result of 3 etiologies:1) Bronchial {{c1::wall injury}}, typically from {{c1::infection}…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysMorphologic classification of Bronchiectasis in order of severity:{{c1::Cylindrical}} bronchiectasis (least severe)…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysRadiographic findings of Bronchiectasis in mild cases may only show {{c1::Tram tracks}}, representing&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysCT Radiographic findings of Bronchiectasis may include the {{c1::Signet Ring}} sign, which describes&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysAside from the Signet Ring sign, other CT findings of Bronchiectasis include bronchial {{c1::tapering}}, bronc…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysBronchiectasis is often paired with adjacent {{c1::tree-in-bud}} nodules, likely representing associated …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Traction}} Bronchiectasis occurs secondary to lung {{c2::fibrosis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPatterns of Primary Bronchiectasis in the {{c1::upper::upper/mid/lower}} lung arise from {{c2::Cystic Fib…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPatterns of Primary Bronchiectasis in the {{c1::mid::upper/mid/lower}} lung arise from {{c2::atypical myc…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPatterns of Primary Bronchiectasis in the {{c1::lower::upper/mid/lower}} lung arise from chronic {{c2::as…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPatterns of Primary Bronchiectasis with a {{c1::central::central/peripheral (mid order)}} distribution arise from&n…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPatterns of Primary Bronchiectasis with a {{c1::peripheral/mid order::central/peripheral (mid order)}} distribution…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Chronic Aspiration}} is the most common cause of Bronchiectasis.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysWhat is displayed?{{c1::Mid-lobe bronchiectasis, characteristic for Mycobacterium avium intracellulare}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysWhat is displayed?Yellow arrow: {{c1::Upper lobe consolidation}}Red arrow: {{c2::CT showing bronchiectasis in the upper …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysIneffective clearing of secretions leading to Bronchiectasis can be seen in disorders like {{c1::cystic fibros…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Mounier-Kuhn}} syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that causes {{c2::tracheobronchomegaly}} leading to r…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Williams-Campbell}} syndrome is a rare connective tissue disorder of the {{c3::4}}th through {{c3::6}}th order {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Broncholithiasis}} is a rare disorder of {{c2::calcified/ossified}} material within the bronchial lumen, caused by…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysBroncholithiasis clinically presents with a cough, {{c1::hemoptysis}}, and {{c2::air trapping::can be seen on …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysThere is a {{c1::1}}% risk of Tracheal Stenosis with intubation, but this increases to {{c1::30}}% with long-s…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysExtremely uncommon causes of Tracheal Stenosis include {{c1::Behçet}} disease/syndrome and {{c2::Cro…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPrimary Tumors of the trachea are {{c1::rare::rare/common}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPrimary Tumors of the trachea in adults are generally {{c1::malignant::benign/malignant}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPrimary Tumors of the trachea in children are generally {{c1::benign::benign/malignant}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Squamous Cell}} and {{c2::Adenoid Cystic}} carcinoma are by far the most common primary tumors of the tr…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Squamous Cell}} carcinoma is the most common primary tracheal malignancy
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysThe typical apperance of Squamous Cell carcinoma as a primary tracheal malignancy is a {{c1::po…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysSquamous Cell carcinoma as a primary tracheal malignancy will occasionally invade the {{c1::esophagu…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Adenoid Cystic (ACC)}} carcinoma is a relatively low-grade malignancy affecting patients around age&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysAdenoid Cystic (ACC) carcinoma has a propensity for peri{{c1::neural}} and sub{{c1::mucosal}} spread.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysThe typical appearance of Adenoid Cystic (ACC) carcinoma is a sub{{c1::mucosal}} mass that infiltrates th…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Carcinoid tumor::lung malignancy}} almost always occurs distal to the {{c2::carina}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysCarcinoid tumor on CT appears as an endoluminal bronchial mass that may {{c1::calcify}} and enhances {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysThe differential for an {{c5::enhancing}} endobronchial mass includes;-{{c1::Carcinoid Tumor}}-{{c2::Mucoepide…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}} is a rare tumor that originates from tiny {{c2::salivary glands}} lining the trach…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysMucoepidermoid carcinoma tends to affect {{c1::younger::younger/older}} patients than the population affected by Ad…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysMucoepidermoid carcinoma on CT tends to be a {{c1::round or oval::shape}} endo{{c2::bronchial}} mass, indistin…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysTracheal Lymphoma is {{c1::rare::rare/common}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysTracheal Lymphoma is usually associated with {{c1::MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)}}, a low-grade malignancy.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c5::Endobronchial}} metastasis is most common from the following four malignancies:{{c1::Breast}}, {{c2::Ren…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysDirect Central Airway invasion from malignancy is {{c1::more}} common than Endobronchial metastasis
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysA {{c2::Papilloma}} is a benign but potentially pre-malignant lesion that may transform into {{c1::carcin}}oma
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysA single airway Papilloma is usually caused by {{c1::chronic irritation}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysMultiple airway Papillomas are caused by {{c1::HPV}}, and are centered at the {{c2::larynx}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysMultiple airway Papillomas can spread to the lungs, where they will form multiple {{c1::cavitary}} nodules wit…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c3::Chondromas}} are {{c1::benign::malignant/benign}} tumors made of {{c2::cartilage}} that rarely occu…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysBenign endobronchial lesions include papillomas, chondromas, {{c1::schwannomas::neural}}, {{c2::adenomas}…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Emphysema}} is the destruction of {{c2::alveolar walls}} resulting in irreversible enlargement of distal airspaces…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Elastase}} is the powerful destructive enzyme found in alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. These cells are …
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysElastase is normally neutralized by {{c1::alpha-1-antitrypsin}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Centrilobular}} emphysema {{c2::is::is/is not}} a smoking-related lung disease
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Centrilobular}} emphysema predominantly affects the {{c2::upper}} lobes
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysYellow Arrows: {{c1::Centrilobular emphysema}}Blue Arrows: {{c2::Paraseptal emphysema}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Paraseptal}} emphysema is usually seen in combination with other forms of emphysema, and {{c2::is::is/is not}…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c3::Paraseptal}} emphysema is {{c1::subpleural}} in location and may predispose to {{c2::pneumothorax}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: Airways{{c1::Panacinar (panlobular)}} emphysema affects the entire acinus, with more severe emphysematous changes at the l…
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysPanacinar (panlobular) emphysema is mainly caused by {{c1::Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency}}
Published	05/01/2023	Thoracic Imaging: AirwaysFindings:{{c2::Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema showing diffuse emphysematous changes at the lower lobes}}Yellow Ar…
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