Notes in Cell Signaling

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/03/2024	4 types of cell signaling:{{c1::- ion channel linked- G-protien linked- Enzyme linked- DNA linked}}
Published	09/03/2024	describe the speed of ion-channel linked signaling and give three examples:{{c1::- milliseconds for on/off- ex) acetylcholine in neuromuscular junctio…
Published	09/03/2024	describe the speed of G-protein linked signaling and give two examples:{{c1::- seconds for on/off (slower than ion channel)- ex) epinephrine, albutero…
Published	09/03/2024	describe the speed of enzyme-linked signaling and give two examples:{{c1::- minutes to hours for on/offex) insulin, growth factors}}
Published	09/03/2024	describe the speed of DNA-linked signaling and give two examples:{{c1::- hours/days to weeks (steroids are the slowest)- cortisol, prednisone}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Contact-dependent signaling}} involves {{c2::direct}} contact b/w the membrane bound signaling molecule and interacts directly with receptor on …
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Paracrine signaling}} involes the release of signaling moelcules/local mediators into the extracellular space which affects nearby target cells …
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Synaptic signaling}} is specialized where neurons release {{c2::neurotransmitters}} at synapses which then bind to receptors on adjacent target …
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Endocrine signaling}} involves the release of hormones by endocrine cells into the {{c2::bloodstream}} which can travel long distances to reach …
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::neuroendocrine signaling}} involves releasing neurohormones into the blood which act on distant target cells
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, No, steroid hormones)}} pass through cell membrane by passive diffusion
Published	09/03/2024	small to large hydrophilic molecules (glucose and urea) require a {{c1::transporter}} to pass thorugh cell membrane
Published	09/03/2024	highly charged polar molecules (Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg) require {{c1::ion channels}} to cross cell membrance
Published	09/03/2024	resting membrane potential is negative inside the cell and is largely maintained by the movement of {{c1::K+}}
Published	09/03/2024	the electrochemical gradient is the net {{c1::chemical gradient + electrical gradient}} and detemines the direction ions will move when channels open
Published	09/03/2024	Na+ ion has a higher concentration {{c3::outside}} the cell.Movement:{{c2::- concentration gradient favors inward movement- electrical gradient (- ins…
Published	09/03/2024	K+ ion has a higher concentration {{c1::inside}} the cell.Movement:{{c2::- concentration gradient favors outward movement- electrical gradient opposes…
Published	09/03/2024	Ca2+ has a higher concentration {{c1::outside}} the cellMovement: {{c2::- concentration and electrical gradients strongly favor inward movement}}
Published	09/03/2024	Cl- ion has a higher concentration {{c1::outside}} the cell.Movement: {{c2::- concentration gradient favors inward movement- entry can cause hype…
Published	09/03/2024	the entry of {{c1::Na+ or Ca2+}} into the cell makes the resting membrance potential to becomes less negative and cause depolarization
Published	09/03/2024	most channels exist in a {{c1::closed state}} with many ways to open
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Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::K+ leak channels}} are always open and maintain resting membrane potential
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Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::EPSP (excitatory postsynatpic potential)}} - membrane potential moves closer to threshold
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)}} - membrane potential moves farther from threshold
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::lidocaine}} blocks Na+ channels = local anesthetic
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::sulfonylurea}} blocks K+ channels so more insulins is released (used to treat diabetes)
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::nifedipine}} blocks Ca2+ channels to dilate blood vessels and treat hypertension
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::diazepam/valium}} opens Cl- channels to treat anxiety
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Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::metabotropic}} receptors are GPCRs that use 2nd messengers and downstream effectors
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Published	09/03/2024	examples of hydrophilic/polar signals that do not cross cell membranes:- small molecules x3: {{c1::acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine}}- peptides/pr…
Published	09/03/2024	examples of hydrophobic signs that easily cross cell membrance and bind receptors inside cells:- steroids x4: {{c2::cortisol, prednisone, thyroxin, vi…
Published	09/03/2024	Signal: {{c1::albuterol}}Second messenger effect, pathway, effect:{{c2::cAMP and PKA levels increase, Gs, dilates airway}}
Published	09/03/2024	Signal: {{c1::acetylcholine on heart}}Second messenger effect, pathway, effect:{{c2::cAMP and PKA levels go down, Gi, heart rate decreases}}
Published	09/03/2024	The Gq pathway with Ca2+ causes {{c1::smooth muscles to contract and blood pressure increases}}
Published	09/03/2024	Nifedipine {{c1::prevents Ca2}}+ entry into cell so smooth muscles relax and blood pressure {{c2::decreases}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells during exercise}} causes smooth muscles to relax and blood vessels to {{c2::dilate}}
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Published	09/03/2024	the most common post-translational modification is {{c1::phosphorylation}}. the addition/removal of phosphate alters enzyme {{c2::shape and activity}}
Published	09/03/2024	The enzymes responsible for phopshorylation are protein kinases x3:{{c1::PKA (activated by cAMP), PKG (activated by cGMP), CaM kinase (activated by Ca…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Protein phosphatases}} are the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylation
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Published	09/03/2024	Glimepride is a {{c2::sulfonylurea}} and a common drug to treat type 2 diabetes. The drug increases the release of insulin and lower blood glucose lev…
Published	09/03/2024	The insulin receptor is a {{c1::tyrosine kinase}} bc it works by {{c2::enzyme-linked receptor signaling}} to increase glucose transporters and act as …
Published	09/03/2024	Prednisone inhibits inflammation by {{c1::altering gene expression}}.ex) curing Bell's palsy by reducing inflammation on facial nerve
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