Notes in S5 Pathology I

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Published	09/15/2024	Pathology is the study of the {{c1::functional}}and {{c1::morphological}} changes in the body during disease
Published	09/15/2024	Pathology is the study of {{c1::disease}}, {{c2::defects}} and {{c3::malformations}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe diagnostic pathology.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe forensic pathology.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe surgical pathology.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe experimental pathology.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe comparative pathology.
Published	09/15/2024	Disease is characterized by {{c1::functional}} and {{c1::morphological}} changes.
Published	09/15/2024	Pathophysiology is characterized by {{c1::functional}} changes only.
Published	09/15/2024	Pathology is characterized by {{c1::functional}} and {{c1::morphological}} changes.
Published	09/15/2024	List the methods used to investigate disease.
Published	09/15/2024	When autopsy is not enough {{c1::histopathology}} is used.
Published	09/15/2024	Identify the pathogen.
Published	09/15/2024	Identify the "brown" pigmented cells.
Published	09/15/2024	When are Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH)?
Published	09/15/2024	Electron microscopicy examines the {{c1::ultrastructure}} of pathogens, and requires {{c2::glutaraldehide fixation}}.
Published	09/15/2024	What is a concern of using formaldehyde during a cytological examination?
Published	09/15/2024	List the basic changes observes in general pathology [6].
Published	09/15/2024	Disease is a {{c1:: dynamic}} process
Published	09/15/2024	Describe how we group diseases [4].
Published	09/15/2024	List the aetiologic terms used for infectious diseases.
Published	09/15/2024	Internal conditions of development of diseases depends on {{c1::external infective and/or non-infective causes}}, {{c1::susceptibility}} and…
Published	09/15/2024	Predisposition and resistance are determined by {{c1::constitution}} and {{c2::condition}}.
Published	09/15/2024	What is genetic predisposition?
Published	09/15/2024	What does a somatotype characterize?
Published	09/15/2024	What are the 3 types of somatotypes?
Published	09/15/2024	Normosom types are prone to a {{c1::muscular atheltic physique}}, while a leptosom type is predisposed to {{c2::emaciation}}, while the pycn…
Published	09/15/2024	Define diathesis.
Published	09/15/2024	Diseases can be {{c1::hereditary}} or {{c1::congenital}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Hereditary diseases are characterized by... [5]
Published	09/15/2024	How does a congenital diseases damage the fetus? What are its effects? [4]
Published	09/15/2024	What are important factors to consider in diathesis? [6]
Published	09/15/2024	Disease is followed by {{c1::recovery (sanatio)}} or {{c1::death (exitus lethalis)}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Short recovery is followed by {{c1::remission (remissio)}} and possibly {{c1::recurrence (recidiva)}}.
Published	09/15/2024	A mild degree of fuctional changes accompaied by reversible morphological changes is called {{c1::revivification (recreatio)}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Complete recovery following more profound tissue alterations, where lost cells are replaced by corresponding tissues is called {{c1:: regeneratio…
Published	09/15/2024	The localization of necrotic parts is called {{c1:: demarcatio}}.
Published	09/15/2024	The tissue alterations replaced by connective tissue →is called {{c1::repair (reparatio, organisatio)}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Restitutio ad integrum is characterized by {{c1::complete recovery}}, while restitutio cum defectu is characterized by {{c1::perma…
Published	09/15/2024	Define death.
Published	09/15/2024	Define mors subita.
Published	09/15/2024	Define agony.
Published	09/15/2024	Define clinical death.
Published	09/15/2024	Define recognition of death.
Published	09/15/2024	Physico-chemical changes are {{c1::independent} from the fatal disease and take place {{c1::immediately or shortly}} after death.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 11 post mortem changes and their latin names.
Published	09/15/2024	In the cooling effect metabolism and heat production ceases, this depends on the difference between {{c1::carcass}} and the {{c1::environment}}.&…
Published	09/15/2024	PM temperature may increase due to?
Published	09/15/2024	What is the rate of cooling off in dogs?
Published	09/15/2024	Describe pale color/ pallor mortis?
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the color of MM in pallor mortis.
Published	09/15/2024	Where does the blood accumulate in postmortem hypostasis?
Published	09/15/2024	Characterize some skin changes found in postmortem hypostasis.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe what can happen to paired organs during postmoretem hypostatis.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the changes that occur during dessication [3].
Published	09/15/2024	Necrosis may occur in {{c1::live}} animals as well.
Published	09/15/2024	Mummification is due to {{c1:: dry heat and/or air current}} causing complete dehydration, where the activity of {{c2::putrefactive}} bacter…
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the changes that occur to the skin and MM in soaking/maceratio.
Published	09/15/2024	Define stiffness/rigor mortis.
Published	09/15/2024	What two compounds does stiffness/rigor mortis require?
Published	09/15/2024	Define Nysten's rule.
Published	09/15/2024	Differentiate the onset difference of rigor mortis for smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the onset types of rigor mortis [4].
Published	09/15/2024	When does a kataleptic onset occur?
Published	09/15/2024	When does short and rapid RM onset occur? [4]
Published	09/15/2024	When does a long/delayed RM onset occur?
Published	09/15/2024	When does RM fail to occur?
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the appearance of a postmortem clot / cruor postmortalis.
Published	09/15/2024	How does a postmortem clot develop?
Published	09/15/2024	Where do postmortem clots occur? What location is the exception?
Published	09/15/2024	{{c1::Anticoagulants (e.g. rodenticides)}} or {{c1::hereditary coagulopathies}} can delay or prevent postmortem clotting of blood.
Published	09/15/2024	What type of death does not allow for postmortem blood clotting?
Published	09/15/2024	What is imbibition and what are its two main forms?
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the process of imbibition in hemoglobin.
Published	09/15/2024	Where does bile imbibition occur? What is its characteristic color?
Published	09/15/2024	Where does autolysis occur?
Published	09/15/2024	What facilitates autodigestio? What specific changes/examples does it lead to?
Published	09/15/2024	What organisms are responsible for putrefaction/rot/putrefactio? What are the effects?
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the organs first --> last affected by putrification.
Published	09/15/2024	What are the 2 main groups of byproducts of putrefication? Provide an example for each.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 4 outcomes of putrefaction.
Published	09/15/2024	{{c1::Rapid}} putrefaction occurs in {{c1::obese}} carcasses, while {{c2::slow}} putrefaction occurs in {{c2::lean}} carcasses.
Published	09/15/2024	What conditions are required for rapid putrefaction?
Published	09/15/2024	Where in the body is putrefaction more likely to occur?
Published	09/15/2024	Slow putrefaction occurs due to {{c1::exsaguination {dehydration}}.
Published	09/15/2024	In Sulfhemoglobin imbibitio/Pseudomelanosis during the reaction of {{c1::H2S}} and {{c1::Hb}}, {{c1::Sulfhemoglobin}} is form…
Published	09/15/2024	If {{c1::Hb}} is broken down, {{c1::H2S}} reacts with the reactive iron of {{c1::Hb}}, pseudomelanosis occurs. {{c2::Black iron sulfide}} is form…
Published	09/15/2024	In adipocere/PM wax {{c1::fat}} breakds down and {{c1::fatty acids and soaps {fatty acid salts}} are produced, this process is called {…
Published	09/15/2024	Causes of death can be due to a relative cause {{c1::absolute}} or can be {{c2::mono/pluricausalis}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Causa essentialis is the {{c1::dominating cause}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Causa axillaris is the {{c1::helping}} cause.
Published	09/15/2024	Causa occasionalis is the {{c1::occasional}} cause.
Published	09/15/2024	Differentiate the external and internal causes of cellular damage.
Published	09/15/2024	Provide examples of external physical causes of death.
Published	09/15/2024	What are the two types of lesions?
Published	09/15/2024	Provide the 6 main examples of trauma.
Published	09/15/2024	List the type of open/on the surface/vulnus lesions [7].
Published	09/15/2024	List the types of covered/inside the body lesions [5].
Published	09/15/2024	List the layers affected by a rupture in luminal organs (exterior to interior).
Published	09/15/2024	Describe some general effects of trauma [5].
Published	09/15/2024	Microscopic lesions in tissues are known as {{c1::fibrillatory}} ruptures.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 5 types of macroscopic lesions in tissues.
Published	09/15/2024	Where in an organ system due lesions occur?
Published	09/15/2024	Fractures can be {{c1::open/aperta}} or {{c1::covered/optecta}}.
Published	09/15/2024	A traumatic fracture is normally due to {{c1::excessive force}}.
Published	09/15/2024	A pathological fracture is characterized by a fracture of an {{c1::abnormal}} bone caused by {{c2::minimal or normal weight bearing force}} …
Published	09/15/2024	Define infraction.
Published	09/15/2024	Define open fractures.
Published	09/15/2024	Define luxation.
Published	09/15/2024	Define a vital reaction.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the main local effects of high temperatures and its causes.
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the severity cause of a burn.
Published	09/15/2024	How is the degree of a burn characterized? [4]
Published	09/15/2024	Describe the outcomes in each type of degrees of a burn.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 6 general effects of a burn.
Published	09/15/2024	After undergoing a burn, necrosis may occur. Necrosis can lead to what two main outcomes?
Published	09/15/2024	What does hyperkalemia lead to after a severe burn?
Published	09/15/2024	What are the sequential outcomes of toxic damage after a severe burn begins to necrose? [4 including toxic damage]
Published	09/15/2024	Define hyperthermia. What is it caused by?
Published	09/15/2024	What is th emain consequence of heat stroke?
Published	09/15/2024	Hyperthermia can cause a series of causes of death. What are they?
Published	09/15/2024	Give examples of pathological findings [6].
Published	09/15/2024	Sunstroke or insolatio is due to the {{c1::vasodilation}} in {{c2::skin of the head and collateral brain vessels}} causing {{c3::b…
Published	09/15/2024	Define fever or febris.
Published	09/15/2024	Fevers are due to endogenous and exogenous {{c1::pyrogens}}.
Published	09/15/2024	Hypothermia has the following local effects... [3]
Published	09/15/2024	Frostbite can be graded from 1st-4th degree similar to hyperthermia. List the name of each degree and the effects.
Published	09/15/2024	Hypothermia is the failure of heat regulation at {{c1::around 35oC}}.
Published	09/15/2024	{{c1::Pigs}}, {{c1::rabbits}} and {{c1::dogs}} are the most sensitive to hypothermia.
Published	09/15/2024	List the 4 defense mechanisms that help cmbat hypothermia.
Published	09/15/2024	What are some common effects of hypothermia? [7]
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