Notes in 05 Protozoa

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Published	06/11/2024	Which subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei is from East Africa?{{c1::Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense}}
Published	06/11/2024	Which subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei is from West Africa?{{c1::Trypanosoma brucei gambiense}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::African Sleeping Sickness}} is a CNS protozoal infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei subspecies that is diagnosed by a blood smear
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::Trypanosoma cruzi::micro bug}} is the etiology of {{c2::Chagas Disease}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::Chagas}} Disease is a visceral protozoal infection that presents with {{c2::dilated}} cardiomyopathy, mega-{{c3::colon}} and mega-{{c3::esophagu…
Published	06/11/2024	Where (geographically) does Chagas Disease predominantly occur?{{c1::South America}}
Published	06/11/2024	How is Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) transmitted?{{c1::Reduviid bug (aka the "kissing bug") feces}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::Chagas Disease}} is a visceral protozoal infection that is diagnosed by the visualization of {{c2::Trypanosoma cruzi}} on a peripheral {{c3::blo…
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment for Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)?{{c1::Nifurtimox}}, {{c2::Benznidazole}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the route of giardia transmission?{{c1::Fecal-oral}}
Published	06/11/2024	When individuals consume water filled with {{c1::cysts}} of Giardia, infection occurs
Published	06/11/2024	What parasite is commonly associated with individuals who go camping and do not purify their water before consumption?{{c1::Giardia}}
Published	06/11/2024	Giardia is a parasite commonly transmitted through consumption of poorly purified {{c1::water}}
Published	06/11/2024	Giardia (parasite) commonly presents with bloating, {{c1::flatulence}} and foul-smelling {{c1::diarrhea}}
Published	06/11/2024	The foul-smelling diarrhea seen in a(n) {{c2::Giardia::what parasite}} infection is due to {{c1::steatorrhea* (fatty diarrhea)}}
Published	06/11/2024	The steatorrhea in Giardia is hypothesized to stem from excess {{c1::mucus}} production that impairs fat absorption in the {{c1::intestines}}
Published	06/11/2024	What vitamin deficiencies can occur with a Giardia infection?{{c1::Fat Soluble (ADEK)}}
Published	06/11/2024	Weight {{c1::loss::gain or loss}} is commonly seen in Giardia infections
Published	06/11/2024	Giardia is ingested in the {{c2::cyst}} form. After ingestion, it differentiates into the {{c1::trophozoite}} form
Published	06/11/2024	Does the trophozoite form of Giardia invade the intestinal wall?{{c1::No, just attaches}}
Published	06/11/2024	Does the trophozoite form of Giardia present with bloody diarrhea?{{c1::No}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::Trophozoites}} in {{c1::stool}} is diagnostic of Giardia infection
Published	06/11/2024	What diagnostic tests are run to test for Giardia?{{c1::Stool O&P (ova and parasites); ELISA stool antigen::2}}
Published	06/11/2024	The Giardia trophozoites in stool turn into {{c1::cysts}}, thereby allowing them to infect other people
Published	06/11/2024	What is an ELISA looking for when testing for Giardia?{{c1::Stool antigens}}
Published	06/11/2024	How is Giardiasis treated?{{c1::Metronidazole}}
Published	06/11/2024	Which intestinal parasites are ingested via contaminated water in the cyst form?{{c1::Giardia; Entamoeba histolytica; Cryptosporidium::3}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the main immune defense against Giardia? {{c1::IgA}} produced by {{c2::Peyer's Patches}} in the GI
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::B::B or T or Granulocyte?}} cell immunodeficiencies generally predispose to GI giardiasis
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::Giardia lamblia}} is a(n) {{c2::flagella}}-ted {{c2::intestinal::location}} non-invasive parasite responsible for most flagellated protozoa…
Published	06/11/2024	{{c1::10}} to {{c1::25}} cysts (#) are required for Giardia lamblia infection
Published	06/11/2024	G. lamblia cysts are found in contaminated resources like {{c1::day care}} centers, contaminated water from mountain streams during {{c1::camping}}, e…
Published	06/11/2024	Giardia lamblia cysts become trophozoites in the {{c1::duodenum}} when stimulated by {{c2::gastric acid}} after ingestion
Published	06/11/2024	Is Giardia lamblia an invasive organism?{{c1::No, therefore no dysentery}}
Published	06/11/2024	Due to villous atrophy in {{c2::Giardia lamblia::which parasitic infection}}, deficiencies in epithelial brush border enzymes such as {{c1::lactase}} …
Published	06/11/2024	G. lamblia cysts (carrier state) have {{c1::4::#}} nuclei
Published	06/11/2024	G. lamblia trophozoites (active state) have {{c1::2}} nuclei and {{c1::4}} pairs of flagella (#) and resemble a face looking back at the viewer
Published	06/11/2024	Can Giardia lamblia be removed from water through chlorination?{{c1::No}}
Published	06/11/2024	G. lamblia is not susceptible to chlorination but can be killed by {{c1::boiling}} the water or with {{c1::iodine}}
Published	06/11/2024	The vector for transmission of {{c2::Trypanosoma brucei}} is a(n) {{c1::tsetse fly}}
Published	06/11/2024	Trypanosoma brucei has two subspecies; either {{c1::T. gambiense}} or {{c2::T. rhodesiense}}
Published	06/11/2024	The early stage of Trypanosoma brucei infection (sleeping sickness) includes cervical/axillary {{c1::lymphadenopathy}} and recurrent {{c1::fever}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c3::Trypomastigotes}} present on {{c2::blood smear}} is diagnostic of {{c1::Trypanosoma brucei}} infection
Published	06/11/2024	The late stage of Trypanosoma brucei infection (sleeping sickness) includes {{c1::CNS}} involvement and {{c1::coma}}
Published	06/11/2024	Recurrent {{c1::fevers}} of Trypanosoma brucei are due to antigenic variation of {{c2::surface glycoproteins}}
Published	06/11/2024	Motile, flagellated trypanosomes on blood smear are indicative of {{c1::Trypanosoma brucei}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment of early (blood-borne) Trypanosoma brucei infection?{{c1::Suramin}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment of late (CNS) Trypanosoma brucei infection?{{c1::Melarsoprol}}
Published	06/11/2024	Acute symptoms of Chagas disease include chagoma and {{c1::Romaña's sign}}
Published	06/11/2024	Romaña's sign is inflammation and swelling around the {{c1::eyelids}} due to acute {{c1::Chagas}} disease
Published	06/11/2024	Which chronic protozoal infection may result in achalasia?{{c1::Chagas disease}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c2::Naegleria fowleri}} causes amoebic brain disease and is associated with {{c1::freshwater}} sources
Published	06/11/2024	The trophozoite form of Naegleria fowleri infects the CNS by passing through the {{c1::cribriform plate}}
Published	06/11/2024	Naegleria fowleri can result in primary amoebic {{c1::meningoencephalitis}}
Published	06/11/2024	Naegleria fowleri infection has a(n) {{c1::poor}} prognosis
Published	06/11/2024	First presenting signs of Naegleria fowleri protozoal infection are alterations in {{c1::taste}} or {{c1::smell}} with headache, stiff {{c2:…
Published	06/11/2024	Which protozoa is often associated with water-sports?{{c1::Naegleria fowleri}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?{{c1::Naegleria fowleri}}
Published	06/11/2024	Which protozoa can be found in nasal irrigation systems and contact lens solutions?{{c1::Naegleria fowleri}}
Published	06/11/2024	How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?{{c1::Lumbar puncture w/ amoebas present in CSF}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment of choice for Naegleria fowleri?{{c1::Amphotericin B}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c2::Acanthamoeba spp.}} is associated with granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and {{c1::keratitis}} in {{c1::contact lens}} wearers
Published	06/11/2024	Trypanosomes found on cardiac biopsy is indicative of {{c1::Chagas disease}}
Published	06/11/2024	Trypanosoma cruzi burrows into the {{c1::endocardium}} to cause dilated cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease
Published	06/11/2024	Babesia is a group of protozoa that reside in {{c1::RBCs (intraerythrocytic)::cell/tissue}}
Published	06/11/2024	Babesiosis can cause {{c1::hemolytic anemia}}, which results in {{c2::hemoglobinuria}} and {{c2::jaundice}}
Published	06/11/2024	How is Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) transmitted?{{c1::Ixodes tick}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is a common coinfection with Babesia spp.?{{c1::Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)}}
Published	06/11/2024	Fevers in babesiosis have a(n) {{c1::irregular}} cycle
Published	06/11/2024	Babesiosis has a worse presentation in {{c1::asplenic}} patients, which commonly results from {{c2::sickle cell}} disease
Published	06/11/2024	{{c2::Babesiosis}} is diagnosed via {{c1::blood smear}} with a characteristic '{{c1::Maltese cross}}' structure within cells
Published	06/11/2024	Babesiosis presents with {{c1::red blood}} cells that contain a(n) {{c1::tetrad}} 'Maltese cross' structure
Published	06/11/2024	What is the predominant geographic distribution of Babesia spp.?{{c1::Northeast U.S.}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment for mild-to-moderate cases of Babesiosis?{{c1::Atovaquone and Azithromycin::2}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment for severe or resistant cases of Babesiosis?{{c1::Clindamycin and Quinine::2}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the host of Leishmania braziliensis?{{c1::Vertebrates}}
Published	06/11/2024	Which protozoa causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?{{c1::Leishmania braziliensis}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the vector of Leishmania spp.?{{c1::Sandfly}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the infective form of Leishmania?{{c1::Promastigote}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the mature form of Leishmania?{{c1::Amastigote}}
Published	06/11/2024	The {{c2::amastigote}} form of Leishmania spp. is found within {{c1::macrophages}}
Published	06/11/2024	Where does the mature form of Leishmania replicate?{{c1::Macrophages}} of the {{c1::reticuloendothelial system}}
Published	06/11/2024	Which protozoa causes visceral leishmaniasis?{{c1::Leishmania donovani}}
Published	06/11/2024	Leishmania donovani presents as {{c2::visceral}} leishmaniasis, also known as {{c1::kala-azar (black fever)}}
Published	06/11/2024	Which strain of Leishmaniasis can present with skin hyperpigmentation?{{c1::Leishmania donovani}}
Published	06/11/2024	{{c2::Visceral}} leishmaniasis can present with {{c1::pancytopenia}} (blood complication)
Published	06/11/2024	Visceral leishmaniasis can present with {{c1::hepatosplenomegaly::visceral complication}}
Published	06/11/2024	Which form of Leishmaniasis can present with fever, pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly?{{c1::Visceral leishmaniasis (L. donovani)}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis?{{c1::Sodium stibogluconate}}
Published	06/11/2024	What is the treatment for visceral leishmaniasis?{{c1::Amphotericin B}}
Published	06/11/2024	Inside of macrophages, Leishmania spp. are {{c1::non-flagellated::flagellated or non-flagellated}}
Published	06/11/2024	Outside of macrophages, Leishmania spp. are {{c1::flagellated::flagellated or non-flagellated}}
Status	Last Update	Fields