Notes in Micro Biology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Removal Requested	01/30/2024	After Lwoff, how has viral classification changed?
Published	01/30/2024	what did Hershey-Chase experiment show
Published	01/30/2024	what is the genus of picornavirus family
Published	01/30/2024	what is the species of picornavirus family
Published	01/30/2024	what is the serotype of picornavirus family
Published	01/30/2024	what is the subtype of picornavirus family
Published	01/30/2024	what is the genus of Orthomyxovirus family
Published	01/30/2024	what is the species of Orthomyxovirus family
Published	01/30/2024	what is the subtype of Orthomyxovirus family
Published	01/30/2024	what is serotype?
Published	01/30/2024	what is the exception in Baltimore Scheme (virus classification)
Published	01/30/2024	which Baltimore Scheme does poliovirus follow?
Published	01/30/2024	which Baltimore Scheme does influenza follow?
Published	01/30/2024	what do picornaviruses infect
Published	01/30/2024	fill in da table
Published	01/30/2024	how many genre of picornaviruses are known?
Published	01/30/2024	3 characteristics about foot and mouth disease
Published	01/30/2024	which picornavirus do not have humans as hosts, and what are their hosts
Published	01/30/2024	which picornaviruses have humans as their hosts?
Published	01/30/2024	what are the symptoms of poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	what are the symptoms of aphtovirus
Published	01/30/2024	what are the symptoms of hepatitis A virus
Published	01/30/2024	what are the symptoms of human rhinovirus
Published	01/30/2024	which picorna virus causes 50% of common cold in human?
Published	01/30/2024	describe the structure of picornavirus mRNA
Published	01/30/2024	picornavirus does not have a cap on its 5' end. what is the con of this and how is this compensated?
Published	01/30/2024	infection route of poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	major and rare sites of poliovirus infection
Published	01/30/2024	symptoms of poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	what were the treatments of poliovirus pre-1955 and post-1955
Published	01/30/2024	what is the size of poliovirus diameter?
Published	01/30/2024	how long is the poliovirus RNA?
Published	01/30/2024	decsribe the poliovirus mRNA structure
Published	01/30/2024	function of VPg
Published	01/30/2024	what is 5' UTR of poliovirus RNA involved in?
Published	01/30/2024	how many genes are there in the ORF of poliovirus mRNA? How many proteins?
Published	01/30/2024	how many proteins does the ORF of poliovirus code for?
Published	01/30/2024	which tissues are poliovirus receptors expressed in?
Published	01/30/2024	how many domains does a poliovirus receptor have
Published	01/30/2024	can cells that express PVR resistant to PV infection?
Published	01/30/2024	where do the N and C termini bind?
Published	01/30/2024	which terminus of poliovirus receptor is bound to the virus surface?
Published	01/30/2024	how many copies of poliovirus receptor molecules bind into the 'canyon' of the virus?
Published	01/30/2024	how is the structure of poliovirus determined in experiments?
Published	01/30/2024	the ORF of poliovirus codes for a polyprotein. the polyprotein gets proteolysed into what? and what do they code for?
Published	01/30/2024	describe two results where poliovirus receptors were attached to a lipid bilayer in an experiment
Published	01/30/2024	why do virus replicate in vesicles?
Published	01/30/2024	what are the 3 main functions of capsid
Published	01/30/2024	do picornaviruses enter a host cell by fusing its membrane with the host cell membrane?
Published	01/30/2024	P1 protein gets proteolysed by viral proteases into...
Published	01/30/2024	what is the name of the common structural motif found in capsid proteins
Published	01/30/2024	VP4, 2, 3, and 1: all of them desceneded from...
Published	01/30/2024	describe VP0
Published	01/30/2024	which viral proteins pack together to form a protomer?
Published	01/30/2024	what is present in a protomer (VP0, VP3, VP1) ?
Published	01/30/2024	what stabilise the intractions between the 3 viral proteins in a protomer?
Published	01/30/2024	VP0 gets autocleaved into...
Published	01/30/2024	does cleavage of VP0 require a protease
Published	01/30/2024	what is the order of viral proteins after VP0 got autocleaved
Published	01/30/2024	how many protomers are required to form a pentamer?
Published	01/30/2024	how many pentamers are required to form a capsid?
Published	01/30/2024	how many protomers are required to form a capsid?
Published	01/30/2024	is caspid symmetric or assymetric?
Published	01/30/2024	why is symmetry in capsid necessary?
Published	01/30/2024	is a capsid an icosahedron (20-triangular faces)?
Published	01/30/2024	when does VP0 autocleave?
Published	01/30/2024	what is the exterior structure of capsid like?
Published	01/30/2024	describe briefly the hypothetical overview of cell entry of a picornavirus
Published	01/30/2024	what are the 2 types of cell entry (picornavirus)
Published	01/30/2024	which cell entry pathway does poliovirus take - receptor-mediated endocytosis or direct entry from the cell surface
Published	01/30/2024	which cell entry pathway do acid-sensitive viruses (eg. FMDV, HRV) take - receptor-mediated endocytosis or direct entry from the cell surface
Published	01/30/2024	why do acid-sensitive viruses use the receptor-mediated endocytic pathway to enter a cell
Published	01/30/2024	is cell attachment closely coupled with destablisation of the capsid as a necessary precursor to cell entry or not?
Published	01/30/2024	what induces conformational change of capsid for RNA delivery (poliovirus)
Published	01/30/2024	what kind of structural changes does binding of receptor into the canyon induce? (poliovirus)
Published	01/30/2024	Binding of receptor into the canyon induces the deformation of VP1 which induces...
Published	01/30/2024	what counteract destabilisation of capsid (poliovirus)
Published	01/30/2024	describe the cascade which the binding of the receptor into the canyon triggers (poliovirus)
Published	01/30/2024	is VP1 exposed all the time?
Published	01/30/2024	what is the current model of cell entry mechanism of poliovirus (after conformational changes)
Published	01/30/2024	what supports the current model of cell entry mechanism of poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	3 roles of antibodies in immune response to poliovirus infection
Published	01/30/2024	what cells have more important roles in immune response to poliovirus infection (when viremia is short-lived)
Published	01/30/2024	in what circumstance, cell based immunity is more important?
Published	01/30/2024	what is the rate of mis-incorporation (mutation) of RNA viruses?
Published	01/30/2024	what kind of poliovirus mechanism prevents antibody from binding poliovirus?
Published	01/30/2024	how are host cell DNA polymerases a million times more active than viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
Published	01/30/2024	not all capsid surfaces will tolerate mutations. list 3 functions that are conserved
Published	01/30/2024	describe the Canyon Hypothesis
Published	01/30/2024	what is the first step in poliovirus replication and why
Published	01/30/2024	why don't poliovirus use host RNAP?
Published	01/30/2024	what are the 2 steps that must take place before translation initiation in poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	2 steps must take place before translation in poliovirus can begin. describe the second step
Published	01/30/2024	how long is the life cycle of poliovirus and how many viruses are produced in this process
Published	01/30/2024	describe the translation initiation in poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	what are the key members of the translation initiation complex of poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	what type of IRES do poliovirus have (rhinovirus too)
Published	01/30/2024	describe 7 characteristics/structure of type I Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) found in poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	do RNA viruses (besides polioviruses) have IRESs?
Published	01/30/2024	describe how IRES works (4 steps)
Published	01/30/2024	why does poliovirus translation take place
Published	01/30/2024	are viral protease 2A of different viruses involved in different cellular mechanisms besides translation intiation? List 3 functions of possible targe…
Published	01/30/2024	is the IRES activity affected by cleavage caused by viral protease 2A (poliovirus translation)
Published	01/30/2024	what causes the cleavage (ie. proteolysis) of polyprotein in poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	what proteases are present in poliovirus? is this # usual?
Published	01/30/2024	why is 3CD common (poliovirus)
Published	01/30/2024	what happens in the last stage of the poliovirus life cycle
Published	01/30/2024	list the 2 uses of vRNA replication in polio
Published	01/30/2024	what causes shift from translation to RNA replication?
Published	01/30/2024	where does repliction occur in polio, influenza, HIV and pox
Published	01/30/2024	describe the main steps of poliovirus RNA replication
Published	01/30/2024	what is not required in negative-strand synthesis (poliovirus) as suggested by in vitro replication systems?
Published	01/30/2024	what is synthesised at the end of translation and where is it proximal to?
Published	01/30/2024	describe the symmetry of poliovirus RNA replication
Published	01/30/2024	what is the ratio of (+) to (-) strands in infected cells (poliovirus)
Published	01/30/2024	what is the percentage of infections that leads to paralysis
Published	01/30/2024	what are the vaccines for poliovirus
Published	01/30/2024	what does the envelope lipid bilayer resemble? why
Published	01/30/2024	what system does influenza attack? where else can it spread?
Published	01/30/2024	is influenza highly contagious
Published	01/30/2024	how big is influenza
Published	01/30/2024	is influenza spherical or filamentous
Published	01/30/2024	what creates filamentous virus shape
Published	01/30/2024	what does it mean that the influenza genome is segmented
Published	01/30/2024	which influenza will we be lookin at: a b or c
Published	01/30/2024	how was the dhori virus passed to humans
Published	01/30/2024	which virus is the best studied
Published	01/30/2024	virion structure in influenza
Published	01/30/2024	what are the RNAPs used by influenza
Published	01/30/2024	how are the RNAPs kept inside the capsid
Published	01/30/2024	is env structure variable
Published	01/30/2024	how many segments in influenza A
Published	01/30/2024	what are the accessory proteins in influenza
Published	01/30/2024	how many HA subtypes are there in influenza
Published	01/30/2024	how many NA subtypes are there in influenza
Published	01/30/2024	What do NS1 and NS2 stand for
Published	01/30/2024	main aim and functions of NS1
Published	01/30/2024	What happens if NS1 binds to eIF4G
Published	01/30/2024	what happens if NS1 is phosphorylated
Published	01/30/2024	what happens if NS1 is SUMOylated
Published	01/30/2024	which transport protein does NS1 contain
Published	01/30/2024	what are the functions of NS2 accessory protein
Published	01/30/2024	is polio antigenetically stable? what does this mean?
Published	01/30/2024	is influenza antigenetically stable? what does this mean?
Published	01/30/2024	which has bigger genome: polio or influenza?
Published	01/30/2024	why is it bad that an RNA virus genome is large?
Published	01/30/2024	why could RNAP errors be preferable in viruses
Published	01/30/2024	what do the H and N stand for in influenza naming (H3N2 or H5N1)
Published	01/30/2024	how many env proteins does influenza have
Published	01/30/2024	how many env proteins does HIV have
Published	01/30/2024	TRUE or FALSE: Haemagglutinin is a homotrimer
Published	01/30/2024	roles of HA in influenza
Published	01/30/2024	what is the metabolism of all influenza env proteins?
Published	01/30/2024	what does HA0 get cleaved into
Published	01/30/2024	does cleavage of HA0 of influenza always happen in the golgi?
Published	01/30/2024	when is HA0 cleaved by a polybasic sequence? where? what enzyme required? what is the recognition sequence?
Published	01/30/2024	what is special abt the furin recognition sequence
Published	01/30/2024	what is the protease that usually cleaves the HA0 precurssor in influenza? when does it do this?
Published	01/30/2024	how does tryptase Clara know what to cleave
Published	01/30/2024	if growing influenza in tisssue culture: should trypsin be present or absent? why?
Published	01/30/2024	what happens if HA0 cleavage is triggered at the wrong time
Published	01/30/2024	what is the role of HA2 in cell attachment? where is it in the overall structure?
Published	01/30/2024	how are HA1 and HA2 associated during cell atatchment
Published	01/30/2024	describe the structure of HA in influenza
Published	01/30/2024	how can HA and sialic acid be linked in different species?
Published	01/30/2024	is HA triggered when it binds sialic acid
Published	01/30/2024	how does influenza enter cell
Published	01/30/2024	how can M2 ion channel be used as a drug target
Published	01/30/2024	what does viral RNA become after transcription
Published	01/30/2024	what does viral RNA become after replication
Published	01/30/2024	why does influenza carry around its own RNAP like a loser
Published	01/30/2024	when does RNAP stuttter also what is that
Published	01/30/2024	how does influenza get 5' caps
Published	01/30/2024	what do subunits of influenza viral polymerase complex do
Published	01/30/2024	describe cap snatching steps
Published	01/30/2024	where are soluble influenza proteins synthesized?
Published	01/30/2024	what is the panhandle
Published	01/30/2024	what needs to happen for influenza to switch from  transcription to replication
Published	01/30/2024	what does influenza RNA Replication need
Published	01/30/2024	describe steps of RNA replicartion for influenza
Published	01/30/2024	what is the most abundant viral protein
Published	01/30/2024	what does M1 fo in RNA export
Published	01/30/2024	does influenza RNA go into nucleus
Published	01/30/2024	why is activation avoided during viral budding
Published	01/30/2024	Role of Neuraminidase (NA)
Published	01/30/2024	structure of Neuraminidase (NA)? importance of structure for biomed?
Published	01/30/2024	whihc is more variable: polio or influenza
Published	01/30/2024	what are the antigenic sites in influenza
Published	01/30/2024	drift vs shift debate of influenza variation
Published	01/30/2024	what is cross protection of influenza vaccines? give an example? what virus doesn't allow this?
Published	01/30/2024	would secondary bacterial infections happenn now if we got da spanish flu? why?
Published	01/30/2024	when is mortality higher: when virus transmitted directly from a bird OR when its fotten more adapted to humans
Published	01/30/2024	what happens to mortality rate as cross protection goes down
Published	01/30/2024	what is the mechanism of antigenic variation via shift
Published	01/30/2024	how would you analyse this diagram
Published	01/30/2024	how do double infections happen
Published	01/30/2024	how did spanish flu adapt from bird to human
Published	01/30/2024	why are pigs dangerous for viral infections
Published	01/30/2024	what happens if bird flu infects human (think receptors)
Published	01/30/2024	how is H5N1 similar to covid and how did this influence how we acted when covid happened
Status	Last Update	Fields