Notes in Asthma: Aetiologies, Symptoms and Aids to Diagnosis LECTURE 10

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Published	01/07/2025	What is an obstructive airways disease?What does this lead to?
Published	01/07/2025	Outline 3 obstructive airway diseases.
Published	01/07/2025	Describe what happens to an individuals FEV1 if they have an obstructive airways disease such as asthma.Describe what happens to FEV1 /FVC r…
Published	01/07/2025	What is asthma? obstructive or restrictive?What is it caused by? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What condition is this definition reffering to?Reversible, obstructive airways disease.Caused by inflammation, hyper-responsiveness & narrowi…
Published	01/07/2025	What is asthma characterized by?
Published	01/07/2025	Diagnosis of asthmawhat are some symptoms?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the symptoms that could be present in the diagnosis of asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	Why are children more prone to asthma than adults?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the onset (aetiology) of asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	What is atopy charcterised by?What are the conditions that atopic individuals will have a high prevalence of?
Published	01/07/2025	How will atopic individuals respond to skin prick testing?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the genetics of asthma?what may allergen exposure in early life determine?what does the hygiene hypothesis postulate?
Published	01/07/2025	How can atopy be measured?
Published	01/07/2025	Outline 4 atopic conditions
Published	01/07/2025	What test can we use that demonstrates an allergy to a specific allergen?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the liklehood that someone with asthma has other atopic conditions?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the Early phase asthmatic response (6)what is airway inflammation caused by?How long roughly is the early reaction?Which type of lymphoc…
Published	01/07/2025	What are the two phases of the asthmatic reponse and how long do they last?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of t-helper lymphocytes in the asthmatic response?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of Th2 cells in the asthmatic response?what do they secrete and lead to the release of?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the cells that secrete pro-inflammatory interleukins in the early phase asthmatic response?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of Th1 cells in the asthmatic response?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the name of the cells that down-regulate the atopic response in the early phase asthmatic response?
Published	01/07/2025	Where do IgE antibodies bind in the early phase asthmatic response?
Published	01/07/2025	When IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells and eosinophils in the early phase asthma response, outline 3 important anti-inflammatory molecule…
Published	01/07/2025	What distinguishes asthma from COPD?
Published	01/07/2025	Late phase asthma response:{{c1::Infiltration of the smooth muscle}} layer by eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells Resul…
Published	01/07/2025	What do you expect to hear in a patient that has narrowed bronchi?
Published	01/07/2025	What is dynamic hyperinflation?what does it increase in the lungs after inhalation/max inhalation?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the following reffering to?Narrowing of the bronchi will lead to closure of the bronchi at low lung volumes, this leads to a tr…
Published	01/07/2025	What happens with increased severity and chronicity of asthma overtime? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What are eosinophils associated with?- type of asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	90a82635e2374f439005dea9940bda07-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	What are the environmental triggers for acute asthma? (7)
Published	01/07/2025	What are drugs that are commonly associated with exacerbation of acute asthma?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	What are physiological triggers for acute asthma?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the symptoms of acute asthma DURING exacerbations?(4)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the symptoms of acute asthma BETWEEN exacerbations?
Published	01/07/2025	When is asthma most worse?
Published	01/07/2025	What is worsening of asthma linked to?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the term used to describe when asthma is worse at night or early morning?
Published	01/07/2025	What are clinical signs of acute asthma during acute exacerbation?(4)
Published	01/07/2025	What are clinical signs of severe asthma during exacerbation?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the investigations that must be carried out for suspected asthma?(3 +5)
Published	01/07/2025	What is diurnal variation? (in regard to a peak flow measurement)
Published	01/07/2025	When a value is lower in the morning compared to the evening, what is this called? (in regard to a peak flow measurement)
Published	01/07/2025	A patient keeps a record of their PEF measurements taken in the mornings and evenings for several weeks. What results would suggest they have asthma?&…
Published	01/07/2025	What results on spirometry would show an obstruction?
Published	01/07/2025	A patient has undertaken spirometry, their results show that their FEV1 is reduced and their FEV1/FVC ratio is < 70%. They are then given a 20…
Published	01/07/2025	If you conducted a full lung function test on someone with asthma, what would you expect to see in regard to TLC, RV and normal transfer factor/diffus…
Published	01/07/2025	Why does transfer factor/diffusing capacity remain normal in spite of asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	What is fractional exhaled nitric oxide? (FENO) - a measure of what type of inflammation in the airways?
Published	01/07/2025	What is a positive FENO test and what does it tell us?
Published	01/07/2025	Does a positive FENO test definitely mean asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	What is this picture showing?
Published	01/07/2025	Management of day-to-day asthma (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the aims of pharmacological management of asthma? (5)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the main receptors in bronchial mucosa?
Published	01/07/2025	Where are B2-adrenoceptors located in the lungs?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the role of muscarinic cholinergic receptors?
Published	01/07/2025	8d8dcddd266443e8ad38872645bafb34-ao-1
Published	01/07/2025	What are the routes of medication for lung diseases? (5)
Published	01/07/2025	What is the advantage/disadvantage of inhaled medication?
Published	01/07/2025	What is an advantage/disadvantage of orally administered medication?
Published	01/07/2025	What is an advantages/disadvantages of medication that is administered intravenously?
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the speed of deposition and absorption of inhaled drugs.
Published	01/07/2025	What is an aerosol?
Published	01/07/2025	What is one advantage of inhaled therapy over oral or intravenous treatment?
Published	01/07/2025	All inhaler systems are relatively inefficient, with only {{c1::8-15}}% of the drug reaching the lung, no matter how good the {{c1::inhaler technique}…
Published	01/07/2025	How can we measure particle distribution within the lungs?
Published	01/07/2025	How does size/flow rate of the drug particle determine it's deposition in the lung?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the factors that determine particle depostion in the lungs?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	How do adrenergic agonists cause bronchodilation? (5)which pathway do they activate?what is activated? what happens to intercellular calcium levels? w…
Published	01/07/2025	Provide an example of one SHORT-ACTING B-2 agonists.
Published	01/07/2025	Provide an example of a LONG-ACTING B-2 agonist.
Published	01/07/2025	Effects of B2-adrenoceptors stimulation related to asthma? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What is salbutamol?
Published	01/07/2025	Salbutamol can be given via an inhaler or a neubliser, when is it given via an inhaler and when is it given via a nebuliser?
Published	01/07/2025	When salbutamol is administered via an inhaler, it is usually for symptom control. What are the symptoms that a salbutamol inhaler aims to control?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	How long do the effects of salbutamol last?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the side effects of salbutamol?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	One of the side effects of salbutamol is tachycardia, why does tachycardia happen?
Published	01/07/2025	One of the side effects of salbutamol is tremor, why does this side effect arise? - where does salbutamol bind to?
Published	01/07/2025	ASTHMASide effects are {{c1::dose}}-dependentMore side effects with the {{c1::intravenous}} route
Published	01/07/2025	What is salmeterol?
Published	01/07/2025	How long does the onset of salmetrol take?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the duration of action for salmeterol?
Published	01/07/2025	How is salmeterol administered?what is it always used in combination with?
Published	01/07/2025	What conditions can salmeterol be used to treat?
Published	01/07/2025	Salmeterol is a long-acting b-adrenoceptor and upon administration is always combined with an inhaled cortico steroid. Why is this combination necessa…
Published	01/07/2025	Normal airways have a resting {{c1::vagal bronchomotor tone}} caused by tonic cholinergic nerve impulses which release {{c1::ACh}} near the airway smo…
Published	01/07/2025	What may initiate cholinergic reflex bronchoconstriction?
Published	01/07/2025	Give one example of a short-acting muscarinic antagonist
Published	01/07/2025	Atrovent, also known as: Ipratropium bromide is a short-acting muscarinic antagonist.When would this be used in asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	What are corticosteroid drugs?what are they most commonly used for (as well as antibiotics)?
Published	01/07/2025	Where are glucocorticosteroid receptors found?
Published	01/07/2025	How do glucocorticosteroid cause effect? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	Give one example of an oral corticosteoid.
Published	01/07/2025	Give one example of an inhaled corticosteroid
Published	01/07/2025	What are the short term side (days) effects of oral steroids? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the medium term (weeks) side effects of oral steroids? (5)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the long term (months) side effects of oral steroids? (6)
Published	01/07/2025	What are the advantages/disadvantages of Intravenous/oral administration of steroids?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the advantages/disadvantages of inhaled administration of steroids?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the most effective preventer drugs for adults and children with asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	How often should inhaled corticosteroids be prescribed?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the side effects of inhaled corticosteroids? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	What must we tell patients when prescribing them inhaled corticosteroids?
Published	01/07/2025	When must patients use an inhaled corticosteroids with a spacer?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the 3 main types of inhaler devices?
Published	01/07/2025	Preventer inhalers are often used as combinations, what does the combination consist of?
Published	01/07/2025	Why are preventer inhalers often used in combination? (4)
Published	01/07/2025	what is the benefit of using combination therapy
Published	01/07/2025	What are the practical benefits of using combination therapy? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	Volumatic device/spacerVolumatic device is basically a large {{c1::spacer}} with a one-way valve. A volumatic device {{c1::increases}} distance f…
Published	01/07/2025	When using a spacer device, why should patients inhale using tidal breath as soon as possible after a single actuation?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the purpose of a nebuliser?
Published	01/07/2025	When can nebulisers be used?what can nebulised SABA be used to assess?
Published	01/07/2025	What are methylxanthines? (3)what class of drugs are they and what effect do they cause?effect in patients with normal bronchomotor tone?effect i…
Published	01/07/2025	Give one example of a methylxanthine
Published	01/07/2025	How does theophylline work? (3)- what does it increase in concentration?- what receptor does it block?- what overall effect does it have?
Published	01/07/2025	What conditions is Theophylline used to treat?
Published	01/07/2025	When are leukotriene antagonists prescribed?
Published	01/07/2025	When are antihistamines and decongestants prescribed?
Published	01/07/2025	When are monoclonal antibodies prescribed? in asthma
Published	01/07/2025	What are the guidelines used in the management of asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	What are the 4 components that a patient should be told in regard to management of asthma?
Published	01/07/2025	How can we ensure that a patient is following the guidance they have been given?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the difference between preventers (3) & relievers (2)?VERY IMPORTANT FLASHCARD
Published	01/07/2025	What are the possible options to treat someone with ACUTE asthma? (5)
Published	01/07/2025	Stepwise guidelines to asthma management Refer to the stepwise guideline image!You start at the bottom left with low dose of inhaled corticosteri…
Published	01/07/2025	Management for asthma patientsAll patients with asthma should be given a personal {{c1::self-management}} plan which should include:> list {{c…
Published	01/07/2025	What are the advantages of a personalised asthma action plan? (3)
Published	01/07/2025	How many deaths per day from asthma exacerbation?
Published	01/07/2025	In the UK, there are 3 deaths per day from asthma exacerbation. What could be some patient factors that contribute to this?
Published	01/07/2025	In the UK, there are 3 deaths per day from asthma exacerbation. What could be some health professional factors that contribute to this?
Published	01/07/2025	In the UK, there are 3 deaths per day from asthma exacerbation. What could be some health system factors that contribute to this?
Published	01/07/2025	When is it acceptable to discharge an asthma patient from hospital after admission?(3)
Published	01/07/2025	Airway inflammation occurs when a genetically {{c1::susceptible individual with atopy}} is exposed to certain environmental f…
Published	01/07/2025	Measure of eosinophilic inflammation in airway
Published	01/07/2025	What are the following guidelines used for?BTS (British Thoracic Society)SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines network)
Published	01/07/2025	The following are side effects of?IndigestionSkin bruisingInsomniaPsychosis
Published	01/07/2025	The following are signs of?Tachypnoea (breathlessness with raised respiratory rate)TachycardiaPolyphonic wheeze during inspiration and expir…
Published	01/07/2025	The following conditions are examples of what type of condition?AsthmaHayfeverAllergic dermatitis (eczema)Allergic rhinitis
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the effect of methylxanthines in normal airways?
Published	01/07/2025	Late phase asthmatic response:Infiltration of the smooth muscle layer by {{c1::eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells.}}Re…
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