Notes in 07 Pediatric neuroimaging

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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Germinal matrix}} is the subependymal site of neuronal precursor cells.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe germinal matrix is nearly involuted by {{c1::32}} weeks gestation.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingGerminal matrix hemorrhage occurs in infants less than {{c1::32}} weeks gestation.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingGerminal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage grading system:Grade I: Hemorrhage only in the {{c1::germinal mat…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingParenchymal hemorrhagic infarction falls into which grade of germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage?{{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe previously termed “Grade IV” germinal matrix hemorrhage is actually {{c1::periventricular hemorrhagic inf…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Sagittal and coronal head USYellow arrow: rounded hyper{{c3::echoic}} focus at the left {{c4:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: sagittal and coronal head USDescription, sagittal L: large amount of echogenic {{c2::hemorrha…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingA full-term newborn will have myelination in the following structures at birth: -{{c1::Posterior limb}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingMyelination is most apparent at birth on {{c1::T1}}-weighted images.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingMR characteristics of myelin:T1: {{c1::bright}}T2: {{c1::dark}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingMyelination usually reaches a mature pattern by age {{c1::two}}, however the {{c2::frontal}} lobes conti…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingPrimitive brain forms around the developing {{c1::ventricular system}}, which is lined by {{c3::pluripotent s…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingDevelopment of normal cortex depends on both {{c1::germinal matrix}} cell {{c2::migration}} and {{c2::organiz…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Polymicrogyria}} is a developmental malformation of the normal 6-layered cortex, which results in too m…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingPolymicrogyria is theorized to be caused by an issue late in neuronal {{c1::migration}} or early in cort…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCauses of polymicrogyria include {{c1::in-utero infection}}, {{c2::in-utero ischemia}}, or {{c3::ge…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhich in-utero infection in particular has been associated with development of polymicrogyria?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingClinical manifestations of polymicrogyria include:-Developmental {{c1::delay}}-{{c2::Focal}} neurological sig…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingPolymicrogyria: On MR imaging, the cortex is {{c1::thick::thin/thick}} with {{c1::bumpy::bumpy/smooth}} surfa…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingOn MRI, polymicrogyric cortex is:-Unmyelinated regions: {{c1::thin::thin/thick}} and {{c2::bumpy::smooth/bump…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the most common distribution of polymicrogyria?{{c1::Bilateral perisylvian}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: T2-weighted MRI brainYellow arrows: Perisylvian {{c2::polymicrogyria}}Description: Junction b…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe germinal matrix initially lines the {{c1::entire ventricular system}}, but after the {{c2::first}} t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Lissencephaly}} is {{c2::absent}}/{{c2::decreased}} cortical folds resulting in a smooth, thickened cor…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingHow many cortical layers are there in classic lissencephaly, if there are normally 6 layers?{{c1::4 primitive…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the theorized cause of lissencephaly?Incomplete {{c1::migration}} of neurons to {{c2::the superf…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c2::Lissencephaly}} is usually the result of {{c1::genetic}} mutations encoding tubulins, actins, and …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingNearly all patients with lissencephaly will have {{c1::seizures::clinical symptom}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging-Type I (classical) lissencephaly: {{c1::smooth}} cortex-Type II (cobblestone) lissencephaly: {{c1::fine…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are two descriptors used for the configuration of the cerebral hemispheres in type I (classical) lissenc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingAre type I (classic) and type II (cobblestone) lissencephaly genetically and embryologically related?{{c1::No…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingType II (cobblestone) lissencephaly is due to neuronal {{c1::overmigration}} through gaps in the {{c2::p…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingType {{c2::II (cobblestone)}} lissencephaly is associated with {{c1::Walker-Warburg}} syndrome.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWalker-Warburg syndrome results in: -{{c1::cerebellar}} malformations-{{c2::ocular}} malformations-{{c3::musc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: T1-weighted (L) and T2-weighted (R) MRI brainDescription: cerebal hemispheres have {{c2::smoo…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: T1-weighted (L) and T2-weighted (R) MRI brainDescription: cerebral hemispheres have {{c2::lob…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Gray matter heterotopia}} is a spectrum of disorders with clusters of normal neurons in abnormal l…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Gray matter heterotopia}} is caused by arrested {{c2::radial migration}} of neurons.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is a possible clinical manifestation of gray matter heterotopia?{{c1::Seizures}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingGray matter heterotopia can be {{c1::isolated}} or associated with other {{c2::structural}} anatomical issues
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThree main gray matter heterotopia subtypes:-{{c1::periventricular (subependymal) nodular}} heterotopia-…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: T2-weighted MRI brainYellow arrows: R>L extensive bilateral {{c1::periventricular nodular …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingAgenesis of the corpus callosum is relatively {{c1::common::rare/common}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingMost common clinical findings in agenesis of the corpus callosum:-{{c1::refractory seizures}} -{{c2::dev…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingSecondary ventricular abnormalities due to complete agenesis of the corpus callosum:-{{c1::Colpocephaly}}-{{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is {{c2::colpocephaly}}?Dilation of the {{c1::occipital horns of the lateral ventricles}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhy may complete agenesis of the corpus callosum cause colpocephaly?Due to reduced {{c1::white matter volume}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn {{c3::agenesis of the corpus callosum::pathology}}, {{c1::Probst bundles}} are axons that are normally par…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingGenerally speaking, does the anterior or posterior corpus callosum develop first?{{c1::Anterior develops firs…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn hypogenesis of the corpus callosum, which portion is most likely to be absent?{{c1::Splenium}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingAgenesis/hypogenesis of the corpus callosum can be associated with additional {{c1::midline::general location…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Sagittal T1-weighted MRI (L) and axial T2-weighted MRI (R)Yellow arrow, both: midline {{c2::l…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c3::Schizencephaly}} is a malformation with {{c1::full}}-thickness {{c4::cleft}} of the cerebral hemisphere…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe dysplastic gray matter lining a schizencephaly cleft is usually from {{c1::polymicrogyria::associated pat…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingDoes a schizencephaly cleft communicate with the subarachnoid space? Why or why not?{{c1::No}}, due to the pr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingScizencephaly is highly associated with what other brain malformations?-{{c1::Cortical malformations (gray ma…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the difference between open- and closed-lip schizencephaly?-Open-lip: Walls of cleft are {{c1::divide…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c4::Septo-optic dysplasia::Pathology}}, associated with {{c5::schizencephaly}}, consists of:-Agenesis of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the classic imaging appearance of schizencephaly?{{c1::Gray matter}} lined, {{c1::CSF}}-filled c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat differentiates schizencephaly from other cortical clefts/interruptions?Only schizecephaly is {{c1::gray …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe differential for a cortical cleft/interruption includes:-{{c1::Schizencephaly}}-{{c2::Porencephaly (encep…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c3::Porencephaly}} is a smooth-walled {{c1::cavity}} in the brain without surrounding {{c2::gliosis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingPorencephaly is usually caused by {{c1::cortical}} destruction in the {{c2::second}} trimester.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c2::Holoprosencephaly}} is a continuum of cerebral malformations where the forebrain does not {{c1::divide …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingHoloprosencephaly is associated with facial anomalies including a single large {{c1::central incisor (megainc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat cerebral vascular variation is holoprosencephaly associated with?{{c1::Azygous anterior cerebral artery …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are the three major subtypes on the continuum of holoprosencephly from most to least severe?{{c1::Alobar…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingImaging characteristics of alobar holoprosencephaly:-{{c1::Complete::Partial/Complete}} lack of separati…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Sagittal T1-weighted (L), axial T2-weighted (R) MRI brainDescription: contiual frontal lobe across…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingImaging characteristics of semilobar holoprosencephaly:-Some amount of separation of the {{c1::posterior…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Axial and coronal T2-weighted MRI (L and mid), T1-weighted MRI (R)Description: complete fusion of …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingImaging characteristics of lobar holoprosencephaly?-Only the most {{c1::rostral}} aspects of the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c3::Chiari I}} malformation is downward displacement of the {{c1::cerebellar tonsils}} below the {{c2::fora…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingChiari I malformation clinical manifestations are variable and can include:-Mild: {{c1::Exertional headaches}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingChiari I malformation in babies may be associated with {{c1::sleep apnea}} and {{c2::feeding}} issues.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are the two most common complications of Chiari I malformation?-{{c1::Cervical syringomyelia}}-{{c2::Hyd…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c2::Syringomyelia}} is {{c1::fluid in the spinal cord}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingSyringomyelia is synonomyous with {{c1::syringohydromyelia}} and {{c1::syrinx}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingSyringomyelia most commonly presents as dilation of the {{c1::central canal}} of the spinal cord.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe central canal of the spinal cord usually extends from the {{c1::obex of the fourth ventricle}} to the {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingDoes syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation usually communicate with the 4th ventricle?{{c1::No,…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingForms of synringomyelia which communicate with the fourth ventricle via the central canal are usually associa…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat type of anomalies are more commonly seen in patients with Chiari I malformation with syringomyelia?{{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the classic criteria for diagnosis of Chiari I malformation?Herniation of either cerebellar tonsil by…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingOutside of measurements, some associated findings that allow for a more specific diagnosis of Chiari I malfor…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIf you see downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils, but no other findings of Chiari I, what is the pr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Sagittal T1-weighted MRI brainYellow arrow: {{c3::cerebellar tonsils}} extending inferiorly b…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Sagittal T2-weighted MRIYellow arrow: Inferior extension of the {{c3::cerebellar tonsils&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhy are the imaging criteria for Chiari I controversial?{{c1::Inferior displacement}} of the cerebellar tonsi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingA common feature of all Chiari malformations is {{c1::downward displacement of the hindbrain}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingChiari II is a malformation involving the:-{{c1::Hindbrain}}-{{c2::Spine}}-Mesoderm of the {{c3::skull base}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingChiari II malformation is due to a {{c1::decreased}} craniospinal pressure difference related to loss of {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingChiari II involves herniation of the following structures through the foramen magnum:-Cerebellar {{c1::vermis…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn Chiari II, herniation of various infratentorial structures through the formen magnum results in what confi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat spinal finding is almost always seen in Chiari II and in what location?-Finding: {{c1::Myelomeningocele}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn Chiari II, what changes of the 4th ventricle are seen?-Position: {{c1::Low/downward displacement}}-Morphol…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn some cases of Chiari II, there can be an {{c2::encysted}} 4th ventricle, which is when the 4th ventricle h…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging80-90% of the patients with Chiari II have {{c1::hydrocephlus}} due to {{c2::4th ventricle}} obstruction. Thi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are some supratentorial abnormalties associated with Chiari II?-{{c1::Corpus callosal}} dysgenesis-{{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Parasagittal T2-weighted fetal MRI Yellow arrow: lumbar {{c3::myelomeningocele}} Other findin…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingFindings in classic Dandy-Walker malformation include:-Hypoplasia/absence of the {{c1::cerebellar vermis}}-Hy…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is thought to be the cause of Dandy-Walker malformation?{{c1::In-utero insult}} to the developing {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn classic Dandy-Walker malformation, the cyst-like dilation of the {{c2::4th}} ventricle communicates with a…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingMost patients with Dandy-Walker malformation have {{c1::hydrocephalus::imaging finding}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn Dandy-Waker malformation, superior displacement by the enlarged 4th ventricle and retrocerebellar cyst res…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe {{c2::torcular herophili}} is the {{c1::confluence of the transverse, straight, and superior sagittal sin…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: T2-weighted axial MRIDescription: Enlarged {{c2::4th}} ventricle communicating with a large {…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c2::Neurofibromatosis type 1}} is also known as {{c1::von Recklinghausen disease}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingNF1 is a multisystemic neurocutaneous disorder with:-{{c1::skin}} manifestation-{{c2::peripheral nerve sheath…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is a skin manifestation of NF1?{{c1::Café au lait spots}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is genetic inheritance of NF1?-50% {{c1::autosomal dominant}}-50% {{c1::sporadic}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingNF1 is caused by a defect in chromosome {{c1::17}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat imaging finding is seen on T2-weighted images in nearly all children with NF1?"{{c1::bright spots}}" or …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe "bright spots" or "unidentified bright objects" seen in NF1 are thought to be due to {{c1::myelin vacuoli…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe "bright spots" or "unidentified bright objects" seen in NF1 are most common in children age {{c1::4-12::r…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat type of tumor is a neurofibroma?{{c1::Nerve sheath tumor}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat WHO grade are neurofibromas?{{c1::WHO grade I}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingNeurofibromas more commonly involve {{c1::cutaneous}} and {{c1::subcutaneous}} nerves than the more prox…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe {{c2::plexiform}} subtype of neurofibroma is {{c1::more::less/more}} aggressive.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Plexiform::Subtype}} neurofibromas are a network of fusiform masses.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingMalignant degeneration is reported in what percentage of plexiform neurofibromas?{{c1::5%}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingNeurofibromas are probably of {{c1::Schwann cell}} origin.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat sign can be seen on MRI in peripheral nerve sheath tumors?{{c1::Target sign}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the target sign in the context of peripheral nerve sheath tumors?{{c1::Central T2 hypointensity}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIs the target sign seen in schwannomas or neurofibromas?{{c1::Both}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is thought to be the cause of the target sign in peripheral nerve sheath tumors?{{c1::Fibrocollagenous c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIs the target sign in peripheral nerve sheath tumors considered a benign or malignant feature?{{c1::Suggests …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingSchwannoma vs. Neurofibroma: Capsule-Schwannoma: {{c1::Encapsulated}}-Neurofibroma: {{c1::Not encapsulated}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingHow do schwannomas and neurofibromas differ in regards to cross-sectional area of nerve involvement?{{c1::Neu…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIf a neurofibroma is resected, the parent nerve must be {{c1::sacrificed}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Coronal T2-weighted MRI of lumbar spineRed arrows: {{c2::target}} appearance of lesions with …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Axial T2-weighted MRI Yellow arrows: T2 {{c2::hyper}}intense 'unidentified bright object…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are some brain tumors NF1 is associated with?-Optic nerve {{c1::glioma}}-Juvenile {{c2::pilocytic astroc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat percentage of optic nerve gliomas are associated with NF1?{{c1::50%}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is a bony manifestation of NF1 at the skull base?{{c1::Sphenoid wing dysplasia}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are bony manifestations of NF1 involving the spine?-Posterior vertebral body {{c1::scalloping}}-Cervical…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is a bony manifestation of NF1 involving the thorax?{{c1::Rib notching (twisted ribbon ribs)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is a bony manifestation of NF1 involving the lower extremity?{{c1::Tibial bowing}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is a general bony manifestation of NF1?Focal {{c1::gigantism}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingSphenoid wing dysplasia in NF1 can cause what orbital findings?Pulsatile {{c1::enophthalmos}} or {{c1::exopht…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat causes the rib notching in NF1?Erosion from {{c1::neurofibromas of the intercostal nerves}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat causes neural foraminal enlargement in NF1?{{c1::Bony dysplasia}} or a {{c1::neurofibroma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is an ocular manifestation of NF1?{{c1::Hamartomas of the iris}}, AKA {{c2::Lisch nodules}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhich renal masses are associated with NF1?-{{c1::Wilms tumor}}-{{c2::Angiomyolipoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhich soft tissue/MSK neoplasms are associated with NF1?-{{c1::Rhabdomyosarcoma}}-{{c2::Leiomyosarcoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the genetic inheritance of neurofibromatosis type 2?{{c1::Autosomal dominant}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingHow are NF1 and NF2 related pathologically?{{c1::They are completely unrelated}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingAre neurofibromas seen in NF2?{{c1::No}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingNF2 is caused by a defect on chromosome {{c1::22}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhich is less common, NF1 or NF2?{{c1::NF2}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat the is mnemonic for the features of NF2?{{c1::MISME: multiple inherited schwannomas, meningiomas, and ep…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is a classic clinical presentation of NF2 and its cause?{{c1::Hearing loss related to bilateral vestibul…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingBilateral vestibular schwannomas are diagnostic of what entity?{{c1::NF2}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Axial (R) and coronal (L) post-contrast T1-weighted MRI Yellow arrows: bilateral cerebel…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Sturge Weber}} is a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by:-{{c2::facial port-wine stain (capillary m…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe port-wine stain in Sturge Weber usually involves what portions of the face?{{c1::Forehead and upper eyeli…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe port-wine stain in Sturge Weber is usually inervated by what nerve?{{c1::V1}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c3::Sturge-Weber}} is thought to be related to failure of the embryologic {{c1::cephalic venous plexus}} to…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c1::Leptomeningeal venous angiomatosis}} is a vascular malformation characterized by {{c2::dilated}} capill…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingThe vascular anomalies in Sturge Weber ultimately result in:-Chronic {{c1::ischemia}}-Cortical {{c1::atrophy}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingClinically, Sturge Weber patients can have {{c1::developmental delay}} and {{c1::seizures}}. However, up to 5…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are characteristic imaging findings of Sturge Weber on CT?-Cortical {{c1::atrophy}}-Subcortical parenchy…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is an imaging finding of Sturge Weber on contrast enhanced MRI?{{c1::Pial}} enhancement in regions of {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingIn Sturge Weber, what change can be seen in the choroid plexi? What is thought to be the cause?Finding: {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: noncontrast CT (L), axial post-contrast T1-weighted MRI of 32-month-old childCT shows: subcor…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingTuberous sclerosis is a {{c1::hamartomatous}} disorder with multiple organ and skin manifestations.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat is the classical clinical triad in Tuberous Sclerosis?-{{c1::Adenoma sebaceum}}-{{c2::Seizures}}-{{c3::M…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingPatients with tuberous sclerosis usually have which clinical findings?-{{c1::Epilepsy}}-{{c2::Neurocognitive}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhat are intracranial imaging findings in tuberous sclerosis?-White matter {{c1::cortical/subcortical tubers …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingHow do tubers look on T2 weighted MRI sequences?{{c1::T2 hyperintense}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingWhen should you be concerned about the development of subependymal giant cell tumor (SEGA) in a patient with …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingAdditional findings in patients with tuberous sclerosis:-Renal: Multiple {{c1::angiomyolipomas}}-Cardiac: {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Axial T2-weighted MRIYellow arrows: bilateral T2 {{c3::hyper}}intense cortical {{c3::tubers}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Neuroimaging{{c3::Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD)}} classically has the following intracranial imaging find…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingJoubert syndrome and related findings (JSRD) clinically present as a child with:-{{c1::Hypotonia}}-{{c2::Deve…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingJoubert syndrome and related findings (JSRD) are often associated with {{c1::ocular::organ}} issues.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingJoubert syndrome and related findings (JSRD) often results in dysplastic {{c1::cerebellar}} tissue.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingHow common is hydrocephalus in the following disorders:-Dandy-Walker complex: {{c1::Common::Uncommon/Common}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric NeuroimagingCase: Axial T2-weighted MRIYellow arrows: "{{c2::molar tooth}}" configuration of midbrainAlso prese…
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