Notes in 04 Practice Problems in Pharmacokinetics

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Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::apparent volume of distribution (Vd)}} is a hypothetical volume that accommodates all of the medication in the body, assuming it was evenly …
Published	08/31/2023	Factors influencing drug absorption include the: {{c1::route of administration}}{{c2::pH of the environment}}{{c3::chemical properties of th…
Published	08/31/2023	Dopamine:Receptor(s) & Function (agonist vs. antagonist): {{c1::alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and dopamine receptors agonist}}Effects on HR: {{c2::Inc…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Pharmacokinetics}} involves the movement and modification of medication within the body. It's what the body does to the medication and how it do…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Ultra or rapid::2 different terms}} metabolizers metabolize and inactivate certain medications so fast that it’s difficult to achieve a {{c2::hi…
Published	09/03/2023	Secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule involves moving medications from the {{c1::peritubular capillaries}} to the {{c1::tubular lumen.}}
Published	08/31/2023	Metabolic reactions are broken down into two main phases: phase {{c1::I}} and phase {{c1::II}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::metabolism}} is the process of converting a medication into a less, or more active form. These forms are also known as {{c2::metabolites}}.
Published	08/31/2023	Phenylephrine:Receptor: {{c1::alpha-1 adrenergic agonist}}Effects on HR: {{c2::Decreased}}BP: {{c2::Increased}}Peripheral Resistance: {{c2::Increased}…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::First-pass metabolism}}, AKA {{c1::first-pass effect}}, occurs in the liver and breaks down medications before they enter the general circulatio…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c5::Total body clearance (CLtotal)}} is the sum of various drug clearance routes: {{c2::renal clearance}}, {{c2::hepatic clearance}}, {{c2::lung cle…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::First-order kinetics}} of drug metabolism are when the rate of elimination is directly proportional to the {{c2::concentration}} of the med…
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::Steady State Concentration (Css)}} is the plasma concentration of a medication when the rate of infusion equals the rate of elimination
Published	08/31/2023	Norepinephrine:Receptor & Function: {{c1::alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta receptors agonist}}Effects on HR: {{c2::Increased}}BP: {{c2::Increased}}Perip…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Active secretion}} uses carrier proteins for polar medications, while non-polar ones use {{c1::passive diffusion}} for secretion.
Published	08/31/2023	Medications with {{c1::low::high or low}} plasma protein binding are more readily distributed in tissues, while those with {{c1::higher::higher or low…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Absorption}} is the process of moving the medication from the site of administration into the circulation
Published	08/31/2023	Genetic variability between individuals leads to differences in the rate of metabolic reactions. Some people, known as poor metabolizers, have fewer e…
Published	08/31/2023	In the distal convoluted tubule, medication concentration in the lumen can lead to {{c1::passive diffusion}} for non-polar medications or {{c2::trappi…
Published	08/31/2023	Phase I metabolic reactions are typically carried out by {{c1::cytochrome P450}} enzymes which convert {{c3::non-polar::polarity}}, {{c3::lipid-solubl…
Published	08/31/2023	Phase II metabolic reactions are {{c1::conjugation}} reactions, where medications or metabolites are joined with another compound to create highl…
Published	08/31/2023	Epinephrine:Receptor & Function (agonist vs. antagonist): {{c1::alpha & beta adrenergic receptor agonist}}Effects on HR: {{c2::Increased}}BP: …
Published	08/31/2023	The distribution of a medication depends on factors such as {{c1::blood flow to tissues}}, {{c2::size and polarity}}, and {{c3::plasma protein binding…
Published	08/31/2023	Interactions between {{c1::metabolic enzyme systems}} and {{c1::medications}} can lead to changes in metabolism. Inducing or inhibiting enzymes can af…
Published	08/31/2023	Movement across the cell membrane can occur via {{c1::passive transport}} and/or {{c1::active transport}}. {{c2::Facilitated diffusion}} and {{c2::pas…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Bioavailability}} or "F" is the fraction of an orally administered medication that reaches the circulation unchanged. It is calculated by dividi…
Published	08/31/2023	Dobutamine:Receptor: {{c1::alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic agonist}}Effects on HR: {{c2::Increased}}BP: {{c2::Increased}}Peripheral Resistance:…
Published	08/31/2023	The uncharged form of a weak acid is lipid-soluble, while the charged form is {{c1::water-soluble}} and polar
Published	08/31/2023	Enzymatic activity is not fully developed in newborns and decreases as we {{c1::age}} or due to {{c1::chronic liver disease}}.
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Distribution}} is the movement of a medication from the circulation into the body tissues
Published	08/31/2023	The 6 primary routes of medication administration are: {{c1::orally}}, {{c1::intravenously}}, {{c1::intramuscularly}}, {{c2::inhalationally}}, {{…
Published	08/31/2023	Medication Elimination through {{c1::Zero-Order}} Kinetics means that a medication has a constant rate of elimination
Published	08/31/2023	Some medications, known as {{c1::prodrugs}}, are administered in an inactive form, which needs to be metabolized into an active form within the body b…
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::kidneys::organ}} play a major role in excretion. They clear metabolic waste and foreign substances, like medications, from the body by {{c2:…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c2::Clearance (CL)}} refers to the volume of plasma cleared of medication per unit of time. It's calculated by dividing the {{c1::rate of eliminatio…
Published	08/31/2023	Once a medication is administered, it first has to be {{c1::absorbed}} into the circulation; then distributed throughout the body; metabolized or brok…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Smaller, lipid-soluble::size and solubility properties}} medications can easily cross cell membranes, aiding in their distribution to extravascu…
Published	08/31/2023	ADME stands for {{c1::Absorption}}, {{c1::Distribution}}, {{c1::Metabolism}}, and {{c1::Elimination}} - the key steps medication goes through in the b…
Published	08/31/2023	Isoproterenol:Receptor & Action: {{c1::beta-1 & beta-2 adrenergic agonist}}Effects on HR: {{c2::Increased}}BP: {{c2::Decreased}}Peripheral Res…
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Half-life (t1/2)}} is the time required for the plasma concentration of a medication to be reduced by half
Published	08/31/2023	Active transport requires energy in the form of {{c1::ATP}} and can move medications against their concentration gradient.
Published	08/31/2023	In most cases, metabolic reactions turn an active medication into a less active, or inactive metabolite, which is then ready to get {{c1::excreted}}.
Published	08/31/2023	{{c1::Weak acidic}} medications are trapped in {{c2::alkaline::alkaline vs acidic}} urine, while {{c1::weak basic}} medications are trapped in {{c2::a…
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::Loading Dose}} is the dose of a medication needed to reach immediate steady-state concentration
Published	08/31/2023	The {{c1::blood-brain barrier}} regulates the entry of medications into the brain
Published	08/31/2023	Medications with a small apparent volume of distribution (Vd) remain mainly in the {{c1::plasma}}, while those with a larger Vd get distributed throug…
Published	08/31/2023	Metabolism takes place in the {{c1::Liver}}Excretion takes place in the {{c1::Kidney}}
Published	08/31/2023	Filtration in the glomerulus allows certain medications to be filtered out with other metabolic waste from the {{c1::blood}}
Published	08/31/2023	{{c4::Elimination}} is the process of removing medication from the body. It can occur through {{c2::metabolism}} or {{c2::excretion}}.
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