Notes in Amino Acid Biosynthesis

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Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Ammonia, NH4+}} is the main source of nitrogen for amino acid synthesis in animals and is assimilated into the amino acids {{c1::glutamine}…
Published	08/28/2024	The urea cycle and citric acid cycle are connected via the {{c1::aspartate-arginino-succinate shunt}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Glutamate dehydrogenase}} is the reversible enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of {{c2::Glutamate}} ←→ {{c1::a-Ketoglutarate}}.NOTE: This is a m…
Published	08/28/2024	Glutamate can indirecty participate in the citric acid cycle because it can be coverted to {{c1::a-Ketoglutarate}}, a CAC intermediate
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Glutamine synthetase}} catalyzes {{c2::Glutamate → Glutamine}} reaction.
Published	08/28/2024	Major pathway of ammonia assimilation = {{c1::glutamine::amino acid}}Minor pathway of ammonia assimilation = {{c2::glutamate::amino acid}}
Published	08/28/2024	Synthesis of glutamate is rare and only occurs when {{c1::NH4+}} is extremely high, rendering it a minor pathway
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Glutamate}} → {{c2::GABA}} through {{c1::glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)}}
Published	08/28/2024	Essential amino acids {{c1::cannot::can or cannot}} be synthesized and must be part of the dietConditionally essential amino acids {{c1::can…
Published	08/28/2024	All carbon skeletons in amino acid synthesis come from metabolic pathways {{c1::glycolysis}}, {{c1::CAC}}, {{c1::pentose phosphate cycle}}
Published	08/28/2024	Pyruvate and OAA can undergo {{c1::transamination (PLP)}} to form amino acids like alanine and aspartate, using {{c1::Glu}} as the nitrogen donor.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Glutamine amido transferases}} have two connected domains:One domain catalyzes cleavage of an {{c1::ammonia}} from glutamine, releasing glu…
Published	08/28/2024	Where does most of the glutamate come from for AA synthesis?{{c1::Transamination}} reactions that break down excess dietary amino acids yield high lev…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the precursor to GABA?{{c1::Glutamate }}
Published	08/28/2024	The ONLY purpose of N5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate is to produce --> {{c2::Methionine}} --> {{c1::S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Methionine synthase}} requires cobalamin, or Vit {{c1::B12}}
Published	08/28/2024	Serine + Tetrahydrofolate → {{c1::Glycine}} + {{c2::N5,10 Methylenetetrahydrofolate (mTHF)}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::mTHF}} is one of the {{c1::C1}} carriers alongside SAM and biotin. {{c2::mTHF}} is often used to generate the more active SAM carrier
Published	08/28/2024	Tetrahydrofolate / THF requires {{c1::folate}}, or vitamin {{c1::B}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::THF}} transfers 1-carbon in different oxidation states, carrying {{c1::CH3}}, {{c1::CH2OH}}, {{c1::CHO}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The big 3 intermediates of the Methionine (SAM) cycle are:{{c1::Methionine}} (via Met synthase) → SAM → {{c2::Homocysteine}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::SAM}} is preferred for methyl transfers over m/THF because it is 1000x more reactive, likely due to the {{c2::formal positive}} charge on the me…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Methyl}} from Coenzyme B12 is transferred to Homocysteine to generate {{c2::Methionine}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Cobalamin / Vitamn B12}} acts as a {{c1::methyl}} acceptor and participates in two reactions: {{c1::methionine synthase}}methyl malony…
Published	08/28/2024	SAM = {{c1::S-Adenosyl-methionine}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::R-binder}} forms a complex with {{c1::vitaman B12}} called {{c2::R-B12 complex}}. {{c2::Gastric Intrinsic Factor / GIF}} then replaces {{c1…
Published	08/28/2024	3-Phosphoglycerate → {{c1::Serine::a key amino acid}} after cleavage of phosphate group and donation of ammonia from {{c1::glutamate::amino acid}}.&nb…
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