Notes in Week 4

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/23/2024	{{c3::Acute}} rejection of transplant:Occurs {{c1::days}} to {{c1::weeks}} after transplantCan be either {{c2::cellular}} or {{c2::humoral}} rejection
Published	01/23/2024	{{c3::Cellular}} rejection:Driven by {{c1::CD4}} and {{c1::CD8}} T cells reacting against {{c2::alloantigens}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c2::Humoral}} rejection:Driven by {{c1::antibodies}} formed after transplantation
Published	01/23/2024	Donor parameters that can impact transplant rejection:{{c2::ABO}} typing{{c1::HLA}} matching (crossmatching)
Published	01/23/2024	After transplants, {{c1::immunosuppressants::medication}} are used to reduce risk of rejection
Published	01/23/2024	Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus are {{c1::calcineurin}} inhibitors:Cyclosporine binds {{c3::cyclophilin}}Tacrolimus binds {{c2::FKBP}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c3::Sirolimus/rapamycin}} is a {{c1::mTOR}} inhibitor that binds {{c2::FKBP}}
Published	01/23/2024	The main problem with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is {{c1::graft versus host disease (GVHD)}}
Published	01/30/2024	Acute symptoms of GVHD:{{c1::Rash::Skin}}, {{c2::diarrhea::GI}}, {{c3::jaundice::liver}}, {{c4::fever::systemic}}
Published	01/23/2024	Chronic symptoms of GVHD: {{c1::scleroderma}}
Published	01/23/2024	Examples of {{c1::acute GVHD}}
Published	01/23/2024	Examples of {{c1::chronic GVHD}}
Published	01/23/2024	To reduce GVHD, donors should have a good {{c1::HLA}} match, while {{c1::ABO}} match is not important
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Published	01/23/2024	Direct vs Indirect Allorecognition:Direct recognition: {{c1::Donor APCs}} migrate to lymph node and directly stimulate alloreactive {{c2::T cells}}, w…
Published	01/23/2024	The most {{c1::pervasive}} alloreactive T-cells interact with MHC in a peptide-{{c2::independent}} fashion
Published	01/30/2024	Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are originally {{c1::IgM}} and are derived from {{c2::CD5}}+ natural B-cells
Published	01/23/2024	The outer layer of the placenta ({{c1::trophoblast}}) expresses the rare antigens HLA-{{c2::E}} and HLA-{{c2::G}}, suppressing rejection by {{c3::NK c…
Published	01/23/2024	In the feto-maternal interface, immunosuppressive cytokines like {{c1::TGF-B}}, {{c1::IL-4}}, and {{c1::IL-10}} are secreted by the uterine epithelium…
Published	01/23/2024	Anti-A and anti-B maternal antibodies don't normally impact the fetus because only {{c1::IgG}} antibodies can cross the placental barrier
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Tumor-specific}} antigens: unique to each tumor and comprised of mutant peptides. Mutations can increase affinity for {{c2::MHC}} or {{c2::TCRs}…
Published	01/23/2024	{{c3::Tumor-associated}} antigens: reactivated {{c1::embryonic}} genes or overexpressed {{c2::tissue-specific}} proteins
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Tumor mutational burden}} is highly correlated with response rate with {{c2::immune checkpoint inhibitor}} therapy
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor escape {{c2::immune surveillance}} through recruitment of {{c1::myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)}}
Published	01/23/2024	When cytotoxic T cell bind to infected cells, they release {{c1::perforin}} which makes holes in the infected cell's membrane.
Published	01/30/2024	Tumors that lose expression of {{c1::MHC class I}} molecules as an escape from immune surveillance become susceptible to {{c2::NK cells}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Orthotopic}} transplant: donated organ is transplanted in original organ's location{{c1::Heterotropic}} transplant: donated organ is transplante…
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Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Hyperacute}} rejection:Occurs {{c2::minutes}} to {{c2::hours}} after transplantationDriven by {{c3::pre-existing antibodies}} binding to donor a…
Published	01/23/2024	{{c2::Chronic}} Rejection:Occurs {{c3::months}} to {{c3::years}} after transplantation{{c1::Cytokines}} are released and lead to {{c4::smooth muscle}}…
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)}} is an {{c2::IMP dehydrogenase}} inhibitor and blocks synthesis of {{c3::purines}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Azathioprine}} is a {{c2::6-MP (mercaptopurine)}} prodrug and a {{c3::PRPP}} transferase inhibitor
Published	01/23/2024	{{c2::ATG}} is an anti-{{c1::T cell}} antibody that stands for {{c3::anti-thymocyte polyclonal immunoglobulin}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c2::Alemtuzumab}} is a {{c1::CD52}} monoclonal antibody
Published	01/23/2024	Why can complete HLA matching still result in graft survival?{{c1::Minor histocompatibility antigens}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)}} at the maternal-fetal interface depletes {{c2::tryptophan}}, leading to apoptosis of sensitive T cells
Published	01/23/2024	In the fetus, inhibitory ligands like {{c1::PD-L1}} are highly expressed
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Immune-privileged}} tissue can be transplanted without immunosuppressive drugs because of high expression of {{c2::Fas ligand}}
Published	01/23/2024	Three E's of cancer immunology:{{c1::Elimination}}{{c1::Equilibrium}}{{c1::Escape}}
Published	01/30/2024	Melanoma in situ: malignant melanocytes contained to {{c1::epidermis}}
Published	01/30/2024	Example of {{c1::melanoma in situ}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Superficial spreading}} melanoma:{{c1::Macule}} or thin {{c1::papule/plaque}}
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::superficial spreading}} melanoma
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::nodular}} melanoma
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Lentigo maligna}} melanoma: also known as {{c2::Hutchinson's freckle}}Occurs on {{c3::sun-exposed}} skin
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::lentigo maligna}} melanoma
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Acral lentiginous}} melanoma: occurs on {{c3::palms}}, {{c3::toes/fingers}}, and {{c3::nails}}Most frequent subtype in {{c1::black and asian}} p…
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::acral lentiginous}} melanoma
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::CTLA-4}} blocks costimulation of T-cells via CD{{c2::28}}{{c3::Ipilimumab::Medication}} blocks {{c1::CTLA-4}}, allowing for T-cell activation
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::PD-L1/PD-1}} binding inhibits T cell killing of tumor cellMedications that target {{c1::PD-L1/PD-1}} include nivolumab, cemiplimab, etc.
Published	01/30/2024	Immune checkpoint inhibitors can rarely cause people to develop {{c1::type I diabetes}} and become {{c1::insulin}}-dependent
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Talimogene laherparevec (T-VEC)}}: {{c1::virus}} therapy that is specific to tumor tissue
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Published	01/30/2024	Type {{c1::I}} hypersensitivity reactions follows sensitization via antigen-specific {{c2::IgE}} production. Response is {{c3::very rapid::speed}} and…
Published	01/30/2024	Concentration of circulating IgE is very low because most IgE is bound to {{c1::FcεR1}} receptors on {{c2::granulocytes}} (mainly {{c2::mast cell…
Published	01/30/2024	IgE-FcεR1 binding is unusual due to its {{c1::very high}} binding affinity and binding in {{c2::absence of antigen}}
Published	01/30/2024	5c68fa19225741aa9078e6a764f59088-oa-1
Published	01/30/2024	Subsequent encounter with a previously sensitized antigen cross-links {{c1::IgE}} molecule and causes {{c2::degranulation}} of mast cells
Published	01/30/2024	A given granulocyte may have bound IgE molecules of {{c1::differering}} antigen specificities
Published	01/30/2024	Tissue mast cells protect {{c1::mucosal}} and {{c1::epithelial}} tissues
Published	01/30/2024	Mast cells granules contain {{c1::histamine}}, which increases {{c2::vascular permeability}} and causes {{c3::smooth muscle}} contraction
Published	01/30/2024	Type I hypersensitivity reactions consist of an {{c1::immediate}} and {{c1::late phase}} response
Published	01/30/2024	The late phase reaction of mast cell degranulation is the release of {{c1::prostaglandins}} and {{c1::leukotrienes}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Eosinophils::Immune cells}} reside in connective tissue underlying {{c2::respiratory}}, {{c2::GI}}, and {{c2::GU}} epithelial tissue
Published	01/30/2024	Type {{c1::II}} hypersensitivity reactions result from {{c2::IgG}} antibodies specific for altered human cell surface components
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Complement control}} proteins protect erythrocytes from lysis by complement
Published	01/30/2024	Type {{c1::III}} hypersensitivity reactions result from {{c2::immune complex}} formation by {{c3::IgG}} antibodies specific for soluble antigen
Published	01/30/2024	Immune complexes are cleared through the {{c1::classical}} pathway of the complement system
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Arthus}} reaction: deposition of {{c2::immune complexes}} causes local inflammation and blood vessel occlusion/rupture
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Haptens}} are immunogenic only if {{c2::chemically bound to a protein}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::CD4+ TH1}} cell-mediated Type {{c2::IV}} hypersensitivity reactions is caused by {{c3::nickel-modified}} human peptides
Published	01/30/2024	Damage in chronic asthma is mainly due to {{c1::eosinophil}} action
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::CD8+ Cytotoxic T-cell}} mediated Type {{c2::IV}} hypersensitivity reaction is caused by foreign antigens are presented by {{c3::MHC Class I}} mo…
Published	01/30/2024	Poison ivy reactions and SJS/TEN are both type {{c1::IV}} hypersensitivity reactions
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Sjogren syndrome}} is the autoimmune destruction of the {{c2::exocrine glands}}
Published	01/30/2024	Main symptoms of {{c3::Sjogren's}} is {{c1::dry eyes/mouth}} and {{c2::arthritis}}
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::Sjogren's syndrome}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c5::Sjogren's Syndrome}} Treatment:{{c1::Hydroxychloroquine}}{{c2::Methotrexate}}{{c3::Rituximab}}Significantly increased risk of {{c4::B-cell lymph…
Published	01/30/2024	Dermatomyositis: {{c1::bimodal}} age distributionOlder dermatomyositis is often related to underlying {{c2::malignancy}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c3::Dermatomyositis}}:Inflammatory disorder of {{c1::muscle}} and {{c1::skin}} mediated by {{c2::complement}} and {{c2::autoantibodies}}Can cause bi…
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::dermatomyositis}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c4::Dermatomyositis}} treatment:{{c1::IVIG}}{{c2::Methotrexate}}{{c3::Rituximab}}
Published	01/30/2024	Polymyositis: inflammatory disorder of {{c1::muscles}} with bilateral weakness of large {{c1::muscles}}
Published	01/30/2024	Polymyositis: elevated serum {{c1::creatine kinase}}
Published	01/30/2024	Polymyositis treatment:{{c1::IVIG}}{{c2::Methotrexate}}{{c3::Rituximab}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c3::Scleroderma}}: autoimmune disorder that causes {{c2::inflammation}} and {{c2::fibrosis}} predominantly in the {{c1::skin}}
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::systemic scleroderma}}
Published	01/30/2024	Examples of {{c1::localized scleroderma}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Peripheral}} tolerance is control of {{c2::self-reactive}} T-cells by {{c3::regulatory T-cells}} ({{c3::T-reg}})
Published	01/30/2024	Treg cells arise in the presence of {{c1::TGF-B::cytokine}}
Published	01/30/2024	Treg expresses {{c1::FoxP3+}} and {{c1::CTLA4+}}
Published	01/30/2024	Answer: {{c1::D}}
Published	01/30/2024	Treg cells arise in the {{c1::thymus}} or the {{c2::periphery}} ({{c2::lymph nodes}})
Published	01/30/2024	Treg cells inhibit effector T-cells via {{c1::CTLA4}}, which binds {{c2::B7}} with greater affinity than {{c3::CD28}}, stopping co-stimulation
Published	01/30/2024	Treg helps titrate out {{c1::IL-2}}
Published	01/30/2024	Inherited defect in {{c1::FoxP3}} causes {{c2::IPEX}}
Published	01/30/2024	Antigen binding without {{c2::co-stimulation}} causes T-cell {{c1::anergy}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Nephelometry}} most common method used to quanitfy {{c1::IgG, IgA, and IgM::antibodies}}
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Published	01/30/2024	Insoluble antigen-antibody lattice can precipitate if:Equal amounts of {{c1::antigen}} and {{c1::antibody}}{{c2::Temperature}} and {{c2::pH}} is suita…
Published	01/30/2024	Nephelometry is based on {{c1::scattering}} of light, with intensity of light scattered being proportional to solid particles' {{c2::concentration}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Radial immunodiffusion}} process:{{c1::Antibody}} is mixed in gel{{c1::Antigen}} is placed in wells{{c3::Precipitin lines}} form at {{c4::zone o…
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Radioimmunoassay}} detects {{c2::radioactive decay}} events and labels the isolated antigen/antibody with a {{c3::radioisotope}}
Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Iodine-125}} is used as the radiolabel in radioimmunoassay
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Published	01/30/2024	{{c1::Immunoprecipitation}}:Agarose bead is isolated by applying {{c2::detergent}} and {{c2::centrifugation}}Purified antigen is released from bound a…
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Affinity chromatography}}:Anti-X {{c1::antibody}} bound to insoluble beads{{c3::Mixture of antigen}} solution added{{c4::Unbound}} antigens wash…
Published	01/30/2024	SDS-PAGE gel:{{c1::Linear}} conformation and uniform {{c2::charge}} after SDS applicationLoaded into gel and {{c3::current}} appliedProtein movement c…
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Western}} blot:Indentifies quantity and molecular weight of {{c1::protein}}Useful as way to detect antibodies to specific {{c3::HIV}} antigens a…
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Published	01/30/2024	Flow cytometry: detects expression of {{c1::cell surface}} markers or {{c2::intracellular}} molecules
Published	01/30/2024	Neutrophil oxidative burst assay tests for {{c1::chronic granulomatous disease}}:{{c2::DHR}}, a nonfluorescent lipid soluble dye, is added to suspensi…
Published	01/30/2024	Naive T cells require {{c1::3::#}} signals for activation
Published	01/30/2024	TCRs have no signaling domain of their own and must always be associated with adaptor complex {{c1::CD3}}
Published	01/30/2024	TCR signaling is initiated by phosphorylation of {{c1::immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)}} on CD3
Published	01/30/2024	CAR T-cell therapy is primarily useful for {{c1::B-cell}} malignancies
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::NK cells}} recognize {{c1::MHC class I}} deficient cells
Published	01/30/2024	{{c2::Provenge}} is an immunotherapy that uses {{c1::dendritic cells::immune cells}} for prostate cancer
Published	01/30/2024	What cell types can mediate a vaccine response in cancer patients?{{c1::T-cells}}
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