Notes in 37 Neonate Anatomy & Physiology

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Published	12/13/2023	A normal O2 consumption for a neonate is {{c1::6}}-{{c1::8}} mL/kg/min.
Published	12/13/2023	In adults, the {{c1::glottic opening}} is the narrowest part of the airway.
Published	12/13/2023	The neonatal period is the first {{c1::28 days}} of life .
Published	12/13/2023	The infant period encompasses 29 days to {{c1::1 year}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal blood pressure for a neonate?{{c1::70/40}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal blood pressure for a 1 year old?{{c1::95/60}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal blood pressure for a 3 year old?{{c1::100/65}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal blood pressure for a 12 year old?{{c1::110/70}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal heart rate for a 12 year old?{{c1::80}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal heart rate for a 3 year old?{{c1::100}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal heart rate for a 1 year old?{{c1::120}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal heart rate for a neonate?{{c1::140}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal respiratory rate for a neonate?{{c1::50}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal respiratory rate for a 1 year old?{{c1::40}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal respiratory rate for a 3 year old?{{c1::30}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal respiratory rate for a 12 year old?{{c1::20}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the O2 consumption and CO2 production of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased (~2x adult values)}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the tidal volume of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Same (6 mL/kg}}
Published	12/13/2023	In neonates, hypotension is a SBP < {{c1::60}} mmHg.
Published	12/13/2023	In infants, hypotension is a SBP < {{c1::70}} mmHg.
Published	12/13/2023	In children, hypotension is a SBP < {{c1::70 + (child's age x 2)}} mmHg.
Published	12/13/2023	How does the SVR of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the preferred agent to treat bradycardia and hypovolemia in infants?{{c1::Epinephrine}}
Published	12/13/2023	As an infant grows, the {{c1::contractile}} elements of the heart mature.
Published	12/13/2023	Do infants have parasympathetic or sympathetic predominance?{{c1::Parasympathetic}}
Published	12/13/2023	Neonates are highly susceptible to {{c1::intracerebral}} hemorrhage due to poorly developed vasculature reflexes.
Published	12/13/2023	What vital sign alterations are seen in pain in a neonate?{{c1::Tachycardia, hypertension}}
Published	12/13/2023	Infants are obligate {{c1::nose}} breathers.
Published	12/13/2023	Do infants or adults have a floppier epiglottis?{{c1::Infants}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the shape of an infant's epiglottis?{{c1::U or omega Ω}}
Published	12/13/2023	In adults, the vocal cords are typically positioned {{c1::perpendicular to trachea}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In infants, the vocal cords are typically positioned {{c1::with an anterior slant}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In infants, the endotracheal tube most commonly becomes "hung up" on the {{c1::anterior commissure}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In infants, where is the larynx located (cervical vertebrae)?{{c1::C3-C4}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the preferred laryngoscope for pediatric patients?{{c1::Miller (straight)}}
Published	12/13/2023	At what age does a pediatric airway resemble an adult airway?{{c1::5-6 years}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the general shape of an infant airway?{{c1::Funnel}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the general shape of an adult airway?{{c1::Cylindrical}}
Published	12/13/2023	In infants, both the left and the right main bronchi take off at a {{c1::55°}} angle.
Published	12/13/2023	The shape of an infant's head is characterized by a large {{c1::occiput}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Neonates increase their minute ventilation by increasing {{c1::respiratory rate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the normal alveolar ventilation of a neonate?{{c1::130 mL/kg/min}}
Published	12/13/2023	Neonates tend to desaturate {{c1::quickly::quickly/slowly}} during periods of apnea.
Published	12/13/2023	How do the vital capacity and total lung capacity of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the residual volume of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased }}
Published	12/13/2023	How does the closing capacity of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Increased }}
Published	12/13/2023	Pediatric airways are associated with an {{c1::increased}} airway resistance.
Published	12/13/2023	Blood in the umbilical vein has a PaCO2 of approximately {{c1::40}} mmHg
Published	12/13/2023	Blood in the umbilical arteries has a PaCO2 of approximately {{c1::50}} mmHg
Published	12/13/2023	Blood in the umbilical arteries has a PaO2 of approximately {{c1::20}} mmHg
Published	12/13/2023	Blood in the umbilical arteries has a pH of approximately {{c1::7.30}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Blood in the umbilical vein has a pH of approximately {{c1::7.35}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Do the umbilical veins contain oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?{{c1::Oxygenated}}
Published	12/13/2023	Do the umbilical arteries contain oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?{{c1::Deoxygenated}}
Published	12/13/2023	What event stimulates rhythmic respiration in a newborn?{{c1::Clamping of the umbilical cord}}
Published	12/13/2023	In newborns, {{c2::hypoxemia}} causes {{c1::apnea}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The first hour of extrauterine life is characterized by {{c1::hyperventilation}} due to poor buffering.
Published	12/13/2023	At what age will hypoxemia stimulate respiration?{{c1::42-44 weeks}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the P50 of fetal hemoglobin (HbF)?{{c1::19 mmHg}}
Published	12/13/2023	When is physiologic anemia of infancy most pronounced?{{c1::~3 months}}
Published	12/13/2023	When is a typical hemoglobin around 3 months of life?{{c1::10 g/dL}}
Published	12/13/2023	In an infant, when does the P50 equal that of an adult?{{c1::~6 months}}
Published	12/13/2023	Is the transfusion trigger higher or lower in infants < 4 months?{{c1::Higher}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the transfusion trigger in a 3-month old infant with severe cardiopulmonary disease?{{c1::13 g/dL}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the transfusion trigger in a 3-month old infant with moderate cardiopulmonary disease or undergoing major surgery?{{c1::10 g/dL}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the dose of PRBCs in infants < 4 months to increase the hemoglobin by 1 g/dL?{{c1::10 mL/kg}}
Published	12/13/2023	Transfusion should be considered when intraoperative blood loss > {{c1::15}}% of blood volume.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the recommendation for transfusion for children > 4 months of age?{{c1::Same as adults:}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the dose of FFP transfusion in infants?{{c1::10-20 mL/kg}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the dose of a platelet apheresis unit in pediatrics?{{c1::5 mL/kg}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the dose of a platelet concentrate unit in pediatrics?{{c1::1 pack/10 kg}}
Published	12/13/2023	Massive transfusion can cause {{c1::hypo}}-thermia.
Published	12/13/2023	Massive transfusion can cause {{c1::hyper}}-glycemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Erythrocytes produced by newborns minimally express {{c1::ABO antigens}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Normal hemoglobin for newborns is {{c1::16}} g/dL.
Published	12/13/2023	Normal hematocrit for newborns is {{c1::55}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	Normal hematocrit for infants (3 months) is {{c1::35}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	Normal hemoglobin for infants (6-12 months) is {{c1::12-13}} g/dL.
Published	12/13/2023	Normal hematocrit for infants (6-12 months) is {{c1::38}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	Most insensible losses in neonates is due to {{c1::evaporation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Evaporation causes insensible losses in neonates because of immature ({{c1::thin}}) skin.
Published	12/13/2023	Do newborns tend to excrete or retain sodium in urine?{{c1::Excrete}}
Published	12/13/2023	Do newborns tend to excrete or retain glucose in urine?{{c1::Excrete}}
Published	12/13/2023	When does an infant's GFR reach adult levels?{{c1::8-24 months}}
Published	12/13/2023	When does an infant's tubular function reach adult levels?{{c1::2 years}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the total body water % in premature neonates?{{c1::85%}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the ECF % in premature neonates?{{c1::60%}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the ICF % in premature neonates?{{c1::25%}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the TBW % in neonates?{{c1::75%}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the ECF % in neonates?{{c1::40%}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the ICF % in neonates?{{c1::35%}}
Published	12/13/2023	In neonates, which one is larger - ECF or ICF?{{c1::ECF}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in an infant with a sunken anterior fontanel, irritability/lethargy, and weight loss?{{c1::Dehydration}}
Published	12/13/2023	Fluid replacement due to NPO deficits should be replaced over {{c1::three}} hours in the following manner:{{c2::1st hour - 50%2nd hour - 25%3rd hour -…
Published	12/13/2023	Children receiving {{c1::glucose-based parenteral}} nutrition are at high risk for developing intra-operative hypoglycemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Children born to mothers with {{c1::diabetes mellitus}} are at high risk for developing intra-operative hypoglycemia.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the primary risk factor for hypoglycemia in infants?{{c1::Small size (SGA, prematurity, < 48 hours of age)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the treatment for neonatal hypoglycemia?Initial: {{c1::2 mL/kg of D10W}}Seizures: {{c2::4 mL/kg of D10W}}Infusion: Start at {{c3::8 mg/kg…
Published	12/13/2023	What is the cardiac output of newborns?{{c1::200}} mL/kg/min
Published	12/13/2023	How does the free drug levels of infants compare to an adult?{{c1::Decreased }}
Published	12/13/2023	The duration of fentanyl and propofol is {{c1::increased}} in children.
Published	12/13/2023	Neonates have {{c1::decreased}} metabolism of hepatically-metabolized drugs.
Published	12/13/2023	Neuromuscular blockers are highly {{c1::water}}-soluble.
Published	12/13/2023	The VD of neuromuscular blockers is {{c1::larger}} in neonates.
Published	12/13/2023	Do neonates have an increased or decreased sensitivity to succinylcholine?{{c1::No change in sensitivity}}
Published	12/13/2023	In infants, vecuronium is a {{c1::long}}-acting paralytic.
Published	12/13/2023	What are signs of adequate recovery from neuromuscular blockade in neonates?{{c1::Grimacing, elbow/hip flexion, knees to chest}}
Published	12/13/2023	Newborns are {{c1::acidotic::pH}}, {{c1::hypoxic::O2}}, and {{c1::hypercarbic::CO2}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Physiologic anemia of infancy occurs due to decreased {{c1::erythropoetin (EPO)}} activity.
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