Notes in GMS Exam #1::ANJ Biochemistry

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Published	08/29/2024	Types of biomolecules
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::Proteins}} are also known as the building blocks of the body
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::Transcription}} is the process of turning DNA into RNA
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::Translation}} is the process that turns RNA into protein
Published	08/29/2024	The central dogma flow of genetic information
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7376:top=.4656:width=.2261:height=.1219:oi=1}}
Published	08/29/2024	The "rule" for the central dogma
Published	08/29/2024	Post-translational modifications
Published	08/29/2024	Humans have about {{c1::25,000}} genes in their genomes
Published	08/29/2024	Genes are capable of coding for more than 1 protein by the process called {{c1::alternative splicing}}
Published	08/29/2024	The Omics era
Published	08/29/2024	In pure water, the concentration of {{c1::H+}} equals {{c1::OH-}}
Published	08/29/2024	pH + pOH = {{c1::14 at 25oC}}
Published	08/29/2024	pH is the measure of {{c1::[H+]}} in a solution and pOH is for {{c1::[OH-]}} where pH= -log[H+] and pOH= -log[OH-]
Published	08/29/2024	The ion product of water is a constant of {{c1::1x10-14}}
Published	08/29/2024	Dissociation of a weak acid HA {{c1::releases}} a proton H+
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::Keq}} is a constant based on concentration of each acid/base component
Published	08/29/2024	The {{c1::larger}} the value of Keq, the {{c1::stronger}} the acid
Published	08/29/2024	Claculate pK
Published	08/29/2024	Acid-Base buffers
Published	08/29/2024	Buffers are conjugate pairs of {{c1::acid}} and {{c1::base}} and maintain {{c1::pH}}
Published	08/29/2024	Henderson-Hasselbach equation
Published	08/29/2024	The Henderson-Hasselbach equation shows the relationship between pH of a solution and relative amounts of individual conjugate {{c1::base}} and&n…
Published	08/29/2024	The best buffering range in when {{c1::pK=pH}} where the ration of {{c1::[base]}} to {{c1::[acid]}} equals to 1.
Published	08/29/2024	Acid (proton donor) {{c1::increases}} concentration of H+ in aqueous solution.Base (proton acceptor) increases concentration of {{c1::OH-}} …
Published	08/29/2024	The body produces more {{c1::acids}} than {{c1::bases}} where the main source comes from food, metabolism of proteins, and cellular metaboli…
Published	08/29/2024	The optimal body pH is at {{c1::neutral pH}}
Published	08/29/2024	Maintain balance to promote optimal physiological function
Published	08/29/2024	Effects caused by reducing the pH
Published	08/29/2024	major extracellular buffer system in mammals
Published	08/29/2024	{{c0::image-occlusion:text:left=.0197:top=.6137:fill=rgb(0,0,0):text=carbonic acid-bicarbonate (CO2/HCO3- ):scale=.6604:fs=.1709}}
Published	08/29/2024	pH only equals pK when there are equal amounts of {{c1::acid and base}}
Published	08/29/2024	The body maintains pH by two mechanisms {{c1::respiratory}} and {{c1::renal}}
Published	08/29/2024	Respiratory mechanism
Published	08/29/2024	Renal mechanism
Published	08/29/2024	Other physiological buffers
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:ellipse:left=.6939:top=.0487:rx=.0361:ry=.0478}}{{c2::image-occlusion:ellipse:left=.7273:top=.308:rx=.0279:ry=.0383}}
Published	08/29/2024	Blood pH clinical conditions
Published	08/29/2024	Acidosis
Published	08/29/2024	Alkalosis
Published	08/29/2024	Cells and its surroundings are made of {{c1::biopolymers}} such as their nucleus, cell membrane, and organelles
Published	08/29/2024	water molecules are charged molecules where they can interact with {{c1::polar and charged molecules}}
Published	08/29/2024	the pH of pure water is {{c1::7}}
Published	08/29/2024	the physiological range of pH is very {{c1::narrow}} (choices: narrow/broad)
Published	08/29/2024	in the blood, cell death occurs if the pH is {{c1::under}} 7 or {{c1::above}} 7.8
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::covalent bonds}} are the strongest bonds
Published	08/29/2024	covalent bonds
Published	08/29/2024	the two groups the biopolymers include are the {{c1::aliphatic}} and {{c1::aromatic}} groups
Published	08/29/2024	noncovalent bonds are {{c1::weaker}} than covalent ones
Published	08/29/2024	types of noncovalent bonds
Published	08/29/2024	electrostatic interactions: the {{c1::bigger}} the distance between molecules, the {{c1::lower}} the strength. (bigger/smaller;high/low)
Published	08/29/2024	Hydrogen bonds can only occur between {{c1::N, O, H}} molecules
Published	08/29/2024	in hydrogen bonds, there is a hydrogen {{c1::donor}} and a hydrogen {{c1::acceptor}}
Published	08/29/2024	Van der Waals interactions create {{c1::dipoles}} which can induce charges in neighboring molecules
Published	08/29/2024	hydrophobic interactions depend on {{c1::entropy}} where the water competes for {{c1::H-bonds}}
Published	08/29/2024	the hydrophobic effect in hydrophobic intercations
Published	08/29/2024	general structure of amino acids (components)
Published	08/29/2024	types of amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	Essential amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	Nonessential amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::11}} amino acids can be synthesized in form glycolytic intermediates, from essential amino acids, or other metabolites
Published	08/29/2024	The four properties of the amino acids are {{c1::basic, non-polar (hydrophobic), polar/uncharged, acidic}}
Published	08/29/2024	Basic amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	Hydrophobic amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	Polar (uncharged) amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	acidic amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	zwitterions
Published	08/29/2024	simplest amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	Hydrophobic aliphatic amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	Hydrophobic aromatic
Published	08/29/2024	Polar amino acids containing -OH groups (hydrophylic)
Published	08/29/2024	Polar uncharged
Published	08/29/2024	(+) amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	(-) amino acids
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.377:top=.6375:width=.2836:height=.1969:oi=1}}
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1326:top=.6938:width=.1066:height=.2469:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6494:top=.6531:width=.1405:height=.303…
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1622:top=.7313:width=.234:height=.1719:oi=1}}
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1331:top=.6094:width=.094:height=.275:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6016:top=.6125:width=.0957:height=.2375:…
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5037:top=.346:width=.0322:height=.0411:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.508:top=.4589:width=.0278:height=.0445:…
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0797:top=.0945:width=.0234:height=.146:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0841:top=.3486:width=.019:height=.1081:…
Published	08/29/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.027:top=.2202:width=.1652:height=.0566:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6996:top=.2202:width=.1594:height=.0629…
Published	08/29/2024	Glucogenesis is the process involving ttransporting nitrogen from the muscle and other cells to the liver where it is converted to urea. The two amino…
Published	08/29/2024	The amino acid {{c1::glutamine}} balances urine pH in kidney and removes NH4+ from neural cells
Published	08/29/2024	the amino acids {{c1::glutamine}} and {{c1::alanine}} are the most abundant amino acids in the blood
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