Notes in 09 Brain tumors

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Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors CT is a good screening modality to identify potential surgical emergencies complicating a brain tumor, most comm…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsTumor {{c1::neovascularity}} can be prone to hemorrhage.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common primary brain tumor to hemorrhage is {{c1::glioblastoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common hemorrhagic metastases include {{c1::melanoma}}, {{c2::renal cell carcinoma}}, {{c3::thyroid carcinoma…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsTumors can block the flow of {{c1::CSF}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsTumors within or around the ventricular system, particularly in the {{c1::posterior cranial fossa}}, cause {{c2::nonco…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Leptomeningeal::location}} metastases cause {{c2::communicating::communicating/noncommunicating}} hydrocephalus.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsA combination of the tumor and associated {{c1::vasogenic edema}} can shift brain tissue across dural reflections.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsSupratentorial brain tumors cause {{c1::subfalcine}}, {{c2::downward::upward/downward}} transtentorial (uncal/central)…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c2::Infra}}tentorial tumors cause {{c1::upward::upward/downward}} transtentorial and {{c1::tonsillar}} herniation.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsNon-neoplastic mass-like brain lesions: {{c1::brain abscess}}{{c2::subacute infarct }}{{c3::tumefactive demy…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMost primary brain tumors and many brain metastases are {{c1::solitary::solitary/multiple}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWithout a history of cancer, solitary brain tumors in adults over 50 years old have {{c1::about the same::relative}} c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIf there is more than one lesion, the diagnosis is most likely to be {{c1::metastases}}, but multifocal/multicentric {…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common primary extra-axial tumor is {{c1::meningioma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common primary intra-axial tumor is {{c1::glioma}}, especially {{c1::glioblastoma}} in older patients.
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Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIntra-axial posterior fossa tumors that can protude into the ventricle:{{c1::ependymoma }}{{c2::subependymoma&nbs…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsAside from periventricular tumors, other sites of origin of intraventricular tumors include the {{c1::septum pellucidu…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsAside from neoplasms, the differential of intraventricular masses includes {{c1::developmental/ degenerative cysts}}, …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIntraventricular tumors can cause {{c1::obstructive::obstructive/non-obstructive}} hydrocephalus.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsArrow: lobulated mass in the {{c1::body}} of the left lateral ventricle attached to the {{c1::septum pellucidum}}&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings of an {{c1::extra::extra/intra}}-axial mass include a {{c2::CSF cleft}} between the mass and the brain, and {…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsYellow arrow: {{c1::CSF cleft}} separates the mass from brain parenchymaBlue arrow: {{c2::gray matter}} bucklingRed ar…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings of an {{c1::intra::extra/intra}}-axial mass include absence of intervening {{c2::gray matter}} between the ma…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsYellow arrows: mass directly abuts the {{c1::white::gray/white}} matter {{c2::Intra::extra/intra}}- axial mass&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhite matter ({{c1::vasogenic}}) edema is more common in {{c1::intra::extra/intra}}-axial masses.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhich extra-axial dural neoplasm can casuse vasogenic edema? {{c1::meningioma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common cerebellopontine angle masses are {{c1::vestibular schwannoma}}, {{c2::meningioma}}, and {{c3::epiderm…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common pineal region tumors are {{c1::germ cell}} tumors, followed by pineal {{c2::parenchymal}} tumors.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common tumors involving the corpus callosum and crossing midline (butterfly tumors) are {{c1::primary central…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common cortical (rather than subcortical) supratentorial brain tumors are:{{c1::pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common primary central skull base tumors are {{c1::chordoma}} and {{c2::chondrosarcoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common suprasellar tumors are {{c1::pituitary adenoma}} in adults and {{c2::craniopharyngioma}} in children.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common posterior fossa tumors in adults are {{c1::hemangioblastoma}} and {{c2::metastases}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common posterior fossa tumors in children:{{c1::pilocytic astrocytoma}}{{c2::medulloblastoma }}{{c3::epe…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common purely intraventricular masses in the atrium of the lateral ventricle are {{c1::meningioma}} and degen…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common mass of the foramen of Monro in adults is {{c1::colloid cyst}}, whereas the most common in children is…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMost brain lesions are {{c1::hyper}}intense on T2-weighted images and {{c1::hypo}}intense on T1-weighted images.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMost brain lesions are {{c1::hyper::hyper/hypo}}-intense on T2-weighted images and {{c1::hypo::hyper/hypo}}-intense on…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsCauses of hypointense brain lesions on T2: {{c1::hypercellularity }}{{c2::hemorrhage }}{{c3::calcificat…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsCauses of hyperintense lesions on T1: {{c1::fat }}{{c2::hemorrhage}}{{c3::melanin }}{{c4::proteinaceous…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn noncontrast CT, most tumors fall within a range of {{c1::brain}}/{{c1::soft tissue}} attenuation and may be difficu…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMore marked hyperattenuation of brain lesions on CT may be due to {{c1::hemorrhage}} or {{c2::calcification}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMore marked hypoattenuation of brain lesions on CT may be due to {{c1::cystic}} or {{c2::necrotic}} components or {{c3…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDoes contrast enhancement occurs in the vast majority of extra-axial and non-glial intra-axial neoplasms?{{c1::yes}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFat is characteristic of which lesions: {{c1::lipoma }}{{c2::dermoid cyst}} {{c3::teratoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsRarely, meningioma may show fatty metaplasia ({{c1::lipomatous meningioma}}).
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsCalcifications are found in a {{c1::minority::majority/minority}} of certain common tumors.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common extra-axial tumor that may calcify is {{c1::meningioma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe vast majority of craniopharyngiomas {{c1::are::are/are not}} calcified.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common intra-axial tumor that may calcify is {{c1::astrocytoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe vast majority of oligodendrogliomas {{c1::are::are/are not}} calcified.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsCommon locations for phsiologic/aging related intracranial calficifations: {{c1::choroid plexus}} {{c2::pine…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsPhysiologic intracranial calcifications can be helpful in localizing tumors based on their {{c1::displacement::feature…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsA tumor that engulfs pineal calcifications is more likely a {{c1::germ cell tumor}}, while one that disperses pineal c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsTumoral hemorrhage can be distinguished from primary intracerebral hemorrhage by detecting a contrast-{{c1::enhancing:…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI)}} is the most sensitive sequence for detecting intratumoral microhemorrhag…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Methemoglobin}} from hemorrhage in addition to {{c1::melanin}} can cause T1 {{c2::shortening::shortening/lengthe…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe presence of intrinsic hyperintensity on T1-weighted images, even without corresponding susceptibility effect, rais…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMost hemorrhagic brain tumors are {{c1::malignant::benign/malignant}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsA common benign hemorrhagic brain tumor is {{c1::pituitary macroadenoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsHypercellularity appears as {{c1::hypo::hyper/hypo}}-intensity on T2-weighted images and {{c1::greater::greater/lesser…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsCysts are a feature of many {{c1::low::high/low}}-grade tumors, typically at the {{c1::periphery::center/periphery}} o…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn contrast to cysts, although necrosis of a high-grade tumor may also follow CSF signal, necrosis tends to be {{c1::c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn the supratentorial brain, the most common cystic tumors with a mural nodule are {{c1::ganglioglioma}} and {{c2::ple…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn the infratentorial brain, the most common cystic tumors with a mural nodule are {{c1::pilocytic astrocytoma}} and {…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn the sellar region, the most common cystic lesions are {{c1::pituitary adenoma}}, {{c2::craniopharyngioma}}, and {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsCommon extra-axial tumors that occasionally show cystic change include {{c1::meningioma}} and {{c2::schwannoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsNon-neoplastic differential for cysts without nodular/thick enhancement:{{c1::arachnoid }}{{c2::dermoid }}{{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDiffuse {{c1::gliomas}}, including subtypes from {{c2::astrocytic}} and {{c2::oligodendroglial}} cell origins, are the…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWHO grade 2 glioma → {{c1::"low-grade glioma"}}WHO grades 2 and 3 → {{c2::"lower-grade glioma"}}WHO grade 3 and 4 → {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsSince 2016, molecular data including {{c1::IDH1/2 mutation}} and {{c2::1p/19q chromosomal co-deletion}} status are con…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-wildtype diffuse gliomas are most commonly diagnosed as {{c1::glioblastoma}}, WHO grade {{c1::4}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMost glioblastomas are IDH-{{c1::wildtype::widltype/mutant}}, which confers a {{c2::worse}} prognosis.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-wildtype glioblastomas usually arise {{c1::de novo::de novo/from existing lower-grade glioma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-wildtype glioblastomas occur mostly in the {{c1::elderly::population}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings: {{c1::heterogenous::homogenous/heterogenous}} enhancing mass with central {{c1::necrosis}} and surrounding {…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn MRI, IDH-wildtype glioblastomas typically have {{c1::heterogeneous::homogenous/heterogenous}} enhancement, correspo…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsSurrounding nonenhancing T2 prolongation around the glioblastoma consists of both {{c1::vasogenic edema}} and {{c2::in…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhen glioblastoma crosses the midline via the corpus callosum, it is called {{c1::butterfly glioblastoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDifferential diagnosis of a transcollosal mass:{{c1::glioblastoma}}{{c2::lymphoma }}{{c3::demyelinating disease}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhen diffuse glioma, usually IDH-wildtype, involves at least three lobes of the brain, it is called {{c1::gliomatosis …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe differential diagnosis for diffuse signal abnormality includes {{c1::progressivemultifocal leukoencephalopathy}}&n…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhen there are multiple enhancing glioblastoma lesions, the tumors are {{c1::multifocal}} if they are connected by FLA…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhen intracranial tumors disseminate to the intradural extramedullary compartment of the spine, they are called {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings: abnormal enhancement in the left occipital lobe but extending into the bilateral periventricular frontal lob…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings: FLAIR hyperintensity in the {{c1::left}} cerebral hemisphere. There is regional mass effect with effacement …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-mutant diffuse gliomas carry {{c1::gain::gain/loss}}-of-function mutations in IDH1 or IDH2, which encode isoforms …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations lead to overproduction of {{c1::2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG)}}, a metabolite …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-mutant diffuse gliomas are most commonly diagnosed as WHO grade {{c1::2 or 3}} tumors.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-mutant diffuse glioms are divided into {{c1::astrocytic}} and {{c1::oligodendroglial}} subtypes based on {{c2::1p1…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors1p19q {{c1::non-co::co/non-co}}-deleted IDH-mutant tumors are more common and include {{c2::diffuse astrocytomas}} (WH…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors1p19q {{c1::co::co/non-co}}-deleted IDH-mutant tumors are less common and include {{c2::oligodendrogliomas}} (WHO grad…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-mutant diffuse gliomas grow very {{c1::slowly::slowly/quickly}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIDH-mutant diffuse gfliomas occur mostly in people of ages {{c1::20}}-{{c1::55}} years.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors1p19q non-co-deleted astrocytomas usually present between ages {{c1::20}} and {{c1::30}} years.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors1p19q co-deleted oligodendrogliomas usually present between {{c1::30}} and {{c1::40}} years with seizures.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn MRI, IDH-{{c1::mutant::mutant/wildtype}} diffuse gliomas are predominantly {{c2::hypo::hypo/hyper}}enhancing and mo…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Lower::higher/lower}}-grade astrocytomas typically appear as a circumscribed hyperintense mass on T2-weighted im…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn 12–25% of nonenhancing lower-grade gliomas in adults, the {{c1::T2- FLAIR mismatch}} sign is highly specific for 1p…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign, the mass is {{c1::hyper}}intense on T2-weighted images but relatively centrally {{c1::h…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsRed arrow: trapped {{c1::left temporal horn}}Sign: {{c2::T2-FLAIR mismatch::yellow arrow}}Diagnosis: {{c3::1p19q non-c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDiagnosis: {{c1::Anaplastic astrocytoma:: same type of brain tumor in 2 different patients}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Lower::higher/lower}}-grade {{c2::oligodendrogliomas::astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma}} typically appear as a poor…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsLower-grade oligodendroglioms are most often found in the {{c1::frontal}} and {{c1::temporal}} cortical regions and th…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsAn expansile, cortical-based mass with gyriform calcification is specific for 1p19q-co-deleted IDH-mutant {{c1::oligod…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn diffusion-weighted imaging, oligodendrogliomas often show {{c1::high::high/low}} diffusivity ({{c1::higher}} ADC th…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsLow-grade CNS tumors that can show high blood volume are {{c1::oligodendroglioma}} and {{c2::meningioma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDiagnosis: {{c1::Oligodendroglioma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsSupratentorial cortical tumors (P-DOG MD):P: {{c1::Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma }}D: {{c2::Dysembryoplastic neur…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsSupratentorial cortical tumors carry a {{c1::better::better/worse}} prognosis and occur at a {{c1::younger::younger/ol…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn supratentorial cortical tumors, extensive vasogenic edema is {{c1::uncommon}}, consistent with their {{c1::low}}-gr…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWHO grade 2 astrocytic tumor → {{c1::Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma }}WHO grade 3 astrocytic tumor → {{c2::Anaplas…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsPleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas usually present in {{c1::children or young adults::population}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe majority of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas carry the {{c1::BRAF V600E}} targetable mutation.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsPleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is most commonly located in the {{c1::temporal}} lobe (half of cases), involving the cor…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn MRI, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is an avidly enhancing mass often associated with {{c1::cyst}} formation and a t…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMain differential for a cortical solid and cystic lesion in children or young adults: {{c1::pleomorphic xanthoast…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsAlthough uncommon, hemorrhage is more likely with {{c1::pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma::pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma/g…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsRed arrow: mass has {{c1::enhancing nodularity}} laterally Yellow arrow: {{c2::overlying dura}} is thickened and …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET)}} is a WHO grade 1 glioneuronal tumor.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) usually present in {{c1::children or young adults::population}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is most commonly located in the {{c1::temporal}} lobe (1/2 to 2/3 of cas…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) are found less commonly in the {{c1::frontal}} lobe, {{c2::basal ganglia…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn CT, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) appears {{c1::hypo::hyper/hypo}}dense and {{c1::occasionally::fre…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn MRI, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors show a circumscribed {{c1::bubbly}} appearance with T2 prolongation an…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors frequently coexist with {{c1::focal cortical dysplasia::disorder}}, and cortic…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Ganglioglioma}} is a WHO grade 1 glioneuronal tumor. A more aggressive variant is the {{c2::anaplastic gangliogl…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsGangliogliomas usually present in {{c1::children or young adults::population}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsGanglioglioma is most commonly located in the {{c1::temporal}} lobe (3/4 of cases), involving the cortex.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsGangliogliomas can also be found in {{c2::cerebellum}} and near the {{c2::conus medullaris}}, mimicking {{c1::myx…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsGangliogliomas commonly appear as a {{c1::circumscribed}} {{c1::cystic::cystic/solid}} mass with enhancing mural nodul…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsGangliogliomas frequently coexist with {{c1::focal cortical dysplasia::disorder}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings: Axial FLAIR shows a cystic lesion in the right {{c1::temporal}} lobe with an associated large {{c1::solid no…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMultinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) is a recently recognized WHO grade {{c1::1}} entity, usually presen…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMultinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) is most commonly located in the {{c1::temporal}} or {{c1::frontal}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn MRI, multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) characteristically appears as a {{c1::cluster of bubbles}}:…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma and ganglioglioma (DIA/DIG)}} are classified together as WHO grade 1 gli…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDesmoplastic infantile astrocytoma and ganglioglioma (DIA/DIG) is most commonly located in the {{c1::frontal}} an…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsOn MRI, desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma and ganglioglioma (DIA/DIG) characteristically appears as a large {{c1::mul…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe main posterior fossa intra-axial tumors in children (and young adults) can beremembered by the acronym BEAM:B: {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe most common adult posterior fossa intra-axial tumors are {{c1::metastasis}} and{{c1::hemangioblastoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsAlthough less common, most posterior fossa intra-axial tumors can also occur in the supratentorial brain, except for {…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Hemangioblastoma}} is a highly vascular WHO grade 1 tumor that is the most common primary brain neoplasm in the …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsHemangioblastoma occurs most commonly in the {{c1::cerebellum}}, followed by {{c2::spinal cord}}, {{c3::brainstem}}, a…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsAbout 25% of patients with hemangioblastoma have {{c1::von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)}} disease.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe classic appearance of hemangioblastoma is a {{c1::cystic}} mass with an avidly enhancing {{c2::mural nodule}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsT2: {{c1::cystic::arrow}} lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere with surrounding edemaFLAIR: {{c2::nodular compone…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMost diffuse gliomas affecting children and young adults in the {{c1::brainstem, especially pons}}, and {{c1::thalamus…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIn the absence of biopsy allowing for molecular classification, the most common pediatric brainstem tumor was historic…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsDiffuse midline gliomas typically appear as an {{c1::expansile}}, solid or infiltrative mass in the brainstem or dienc…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings: Axial and sagittal FLAIR images demonstrate an {{c1::expansile}}, T2 hyperintense mass centered in the pons.…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings: large posterior fossa {{c1::cystic}} lesion with a superior {{c1::heterogenously::heterogenously/homogenousl…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsFindings: {{c1::cystic}} lesion in  right frontal lobe with avidly enhancing solid {{c1::nodule::arrow}}Diagnosis…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Pilocytic astrocytoma}}, often called juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA), is a WHO grade {{c1::1}} astrocytic …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas::juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas/ diffuse glioma}} are well-circumsrined.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c1::Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma}} is the most common benign brain tumor of childhood.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe majority of pilocytic astrocytomas occur in the {{c1::cerebellum}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe second most common location of pilocytic astrocytoma is the {{c1::optic pathway}}/{{c1::hypothalamus}}, which is a…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsIs posterior fossa juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma associated with NF1?{{c1::No}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsGreater than 70% of cerebellar juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas carry {{c1::BRAF}} gene fusions, an important diagnosti…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors A more aggressive variant of pilocytic astrocytoma is the {{c1::pilomyxoid astrocytoma}}, which is not distingui…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors {{c1::Ependymoma}} is a WHO grade {{c1::2}} tumor arising from the ependymal lining of the {{c2::ventricular sys…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors Benign ependymal tumors include {{c1::subependymoma}} and {{c2::myxopapillary ependymoma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors Common location for ependymomas: children → {{c1::posterior fossa}} adults→ {{c2::spinal cord}} and {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors The posterior fossa ependymoma has been called the {{c1::toothpaste}} or {{c1::plastic}} tumor for its propensit…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors {{c1::Medulloblastoma::medulloblastoma/ependymoma}}, can also fill the fourth ventricle, does not typically sque…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors Findings: Lobulated, isointense, avidly enhancing mass arising from the {{c1::fourth ventricle::arrows}}. There …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors {{c1::Subependymoma}} is an indolent, WHO grade 1 tumor of unclear origin that is speculated to arise from subep…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors Subependymoma is a tumor of {{c1::middle-aged and older adults::population}}, often found incidentally.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors Subependymomas are most commonly found in the walls of the {{c1::fourth}} and {{c1::lateral}} ventricles.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors A subependymoma grows {{c1::exophytically}} into the ventricle and {{c1::does not::does/does not}} cause parench…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors Diagnosis: {{c1::Subependymoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors What is the prototype and most common of the WHO grade 4 embryonaltumors of the CNS?{{c1::Medulloblastoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors {{c1::Medulloblastoma}} appears histologically as {{c2::small round blue}} cell tumors.
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors {{c1::Medulloblastoma}} is the most common brain malignancy of childhood, usually diagnosed between the ages of …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors A small proportion of {{c1::medulloblastomas::brain tumor}} are associated with a cancer predisposition syndrome…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors Medulloblastoma: In children, {{c1::group 3::molecular subgroup}} and {{c1::4::molecular subgroup}} tumors are m…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMedulloblastoma: In infants, {{c1::SHH-activated::molecular subgroup}} tumors are most common and may be located in th…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMedulloblastoma: {{c1::WNT-activated::molecular subgroup}} tumors occur in older children and likely arise from the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsTL: hyperattenuating mass in the {{c1::midline posterior fossa::arrows}}. TR: Mass has displaced the {{c2::fourth…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsMedulloblastoma is slightly hyperattenuating on CT due to its {{c1::densely packed}} cells and is accordingly {{c2::hy…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsThe low {{c1::ADC::MRI sequence}} values can be a useful finding to differentiate medulloblastoma from ependymoma and …
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain Tumors{{c2::Leptomeningeal::location}} metastatic disease is present in up to 1/3 of patients and medulloblastoma is the mos…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhen drop metastasess occurs, {{c1::sugar-coating (Zuckerguss)}} refers to the icing-like enhancement over the brain a…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsSince medulloblastomas are hypercellular, {{c1::DWI::MRI sequence}} is particularly helpful in detecting {{c2::leptome…
Published	05/01/2023	Neuroimaging Brain: Brain TumorsWhen medulloblastoma occurs in a {{c1::young adult (as opposed to a child)::population}}, the tumor tends to arise ecc…
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