Notes in 05 Pediatric genitourinary

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Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)}} is abnormal retrograde reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureter
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryVesicoureteral reflux can be {{c2::primary}} (due to an abnormally short {{c1::intravesicular::where?}} port…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryTypical imaging evaluation of a child with a {{c1::febrile UTI}} may involve renal ultrasound and {{c2::voiding cystou…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNoncontrast renal ultrasound may show {{c1::urothelial thickening}} suggestive of {{c2::urinary reflux}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Siblings}} of patients diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux are typically screened with {{c1::ultrasound}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrogram (voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG))}} is often preferred as the initial stud…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryFluoroscopic voiding cystourethrogram (voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)) provides anatomic details about the upper trac…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c3::Contrast-enhanced ultrasound}} is increasingly being used for assessment of vesicoureteral reflux; the {{c1::pos…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryGrading of Reflux (VUR):{{c2::I}}: Reflux into {{c1::ureter only}}, with {{c1::normal::normal/abnormal}} ureteral and …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryGrading of Reflux (VUR):{{c2::II}}: Reflux into {{c1::non-dilated renal calyces}}, with {{c1::normal::normal/abnormal}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryGrading of Reflux (VUR):{{c2::III}}: Reflux into {{c1::renal collecting system}}, with {{c1::blunting}} of the calyces…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryGrading of Reflux (VUR):{{c2::IV}}: Reflux into {{c1::moderately dilated ureter}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryGrading of Reflux (VUR):{{c2::V}}: Reflux into {{c1::severely dilated and tortuous ureter}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryTreatment of VUR aims to prevent {{c1::pyelonephritis}} and in turn {{c1::renal scarring}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryVUR can be treated with prophylactic antibiotics (Grades {{c1::I-III}}) or surgery (Grades {{c1::IV/V}}).
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryApproximately {{c1::90}}% of grade I and II reflux will {{c2::spontaneously regress}} after a few years
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNuclear studies that are often used for the evaluation and follow-up of reflux: {{c1::radionuclide cystogram}} or…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Radionuclide cystogram (RNC)}} involves instillation of approximately 1 mG of {{c1::Tc-99m-pertechnetate}} …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Radionuclide cystogram (RNC)}} is the most sensitive test to evaluate for vesicoureteral reflux
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryRadionuclide cystogram grading is three stage:RNC Grade 1: Ureteral reflux only (voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) stage…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Tc-99m-DMSA renal scintigraphy (DMSA scan)}} is the gold standard for detection of {{c3::renal cortical scarring…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryIV pyelogram (above) shows a {{c1::duplicated}} right collecting system, with mild {{c1::blunting}} of the upper pole …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryContrast-enhanced pyelographic phase CT (top - coronal; bottom - axial) of a patient with duplicated collecting system…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryRadionuclide Cystogram (RNC) Grade {{c2::2}}: Reflux reaches renal calyces (voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) stage…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryRadionuclide Cystogram (RNC) Grade {{c2::3}}: Ureteral dilation (voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) stage {{c1::IV-V}})
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryIn a duplicated collecting system, the {{c3::upper::upper/lower}} pole ureter inserts ectopically ({{c4::inferomediall…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryIn a duplicated collecting system, the {{c2::lower::upper/lower}} pole ureter inserts orthotopically (normally) on the…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA duplex collecting system contains two separate {{c1::pelvicalyceal}} systems and two {{c1::ureters}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinaryin a duplex collecting system, if duplicated ureters insert separately into the bladder, there is an increased risk of…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe {{c1::upper::upper/lower}} pole of a duplicated collecting system will present as hydronephrosis visible on ultras…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryIn a duplex collecting system, an obstructed upper moiety (invisible on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)) compressing t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA drooping lily sign on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) of duplex collecting system may be mistaken for {{c1::renal pt…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction}} is the most common congenital anomaly of the genitourinary tract…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe most common cause of {{c2::unilateral hydronephrosis}} in children is {{c1::ureteropelvic junction obstruction}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUreteropelvic junction obstruction can be caused by:Abnormal development of the {{c1::upper}} segment of the uret…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryImaging of {{c2::ureteropelvic junction obstruction}} shows {{c1::hydronephrosis}} and {{c1::dilated}} renal pelvis, w…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Ureterovesical obstruction}} is relatively rare and is commonly due to either {{c2::megaureter}} in single-syste…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Ureterocele}} is focal dilation of distal ureter within bladder wall, where ureter infolds between the {{c2::muc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c3::Vesicoureteral reflux}} can be secondary (due to a distal obstruction such as from {{c1::pos…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA {{c1::simple}} ureterocele is seen with an orthotopically (normally) inserting ureter.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe typical ultrasound appearance of an {{c1::ectopic ureterocele}} is a {{c2::cystic lesion}} within t…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryEctopic ureteroceles are almost always located {{c1::inferior and medial::anatomic directions}} to the lower pole uret…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryVoiding cystourethrogram ((VCUG)) typically shows a ureterocele as a rounded {{c1::filling defect}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Posterior urethral valve}} is the most common cause of congenital bladder outlet obstruction
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryPosterior urethral valve is caused by an obstructing web in the {{c2::posterior}} ({{c2::prostatic}}) urethra at …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUltrasound for posterior urethral valve shows {{c1::dilation}} of the posterior (prostatic) urethra
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryPosterior urethral valve produces the characteristic {{c1::keyhole}} appearance on ultrasound
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe main differential consideration for posterior urethral valve is {{c1::prune belly syndrome}}, which would show dil…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Prune belly}}, aka {{c1::Eagle Barrett}}, syndrome is a congenital muscular disorder that affects the abdominal …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Prune belly}} may be associated with cryptochordism, as {{c1::bladder distension}} interferes with the descent o…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Prune belly}} is a muscular defect that leads to dilation of the entire collecting system, including bladder and…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryRenal agenesis can be {{c1::unilateral or bilateral::uni/bilateral?}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA common imaging clue of renal agenesis is the {{c1::lying down adrenal::buzz word}} which helps differentiate congeni…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryReproductive anomalies (Mullerian agenesis) including -unicornuate uterus, -absent epididymis and vas defere…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Horseshoe kidney}} represents a fusion anomaly of the lower poles of the kidney, preventing ascent of the kidney…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryComplications of horseshoe kidney may include:injury (due to blunt trauma) against the adjacent {{c1::vertebral b…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryHorseshoe kidney is classically associated with {{c1::Turner's}} syndrome
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryIn {{c3::cross-fused renal ectopia}}, the ectopic kidney (more commonly the {{c4::left::left/right?}}) crosses midline…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryComplications of cross-fused renal ectopia include {{c1::stones, infection and hydronephrosis::3 common}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Hydronephrosis}} is the most common cystic abdominal mass in a neonate
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)}} is the most common neonatal cystic renal mass
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryMulticystic dysplastic kidney is characterized by a progressive renal {{c1::dysplasia}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryMulticystic dysplastic kidney is typically {{c1::unilateral::bi/unilateral?}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe natural progression of multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is {{c1::gradual involution into a small soft tissue r…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe risk of Wilms tumor in multicystic dysplastic kidney is {{c1::controversial::degree of likelihood}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryImaging of {{c1::multicystic dysplastic kidney}} shows a {{c2::multicystic "mass"}} replacing the renal parenchyma
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe cystic elements of multicystic dysplastic kidney {{c1::do not::do/do not?}} communicate with each other
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA DMSA scan {{c1::does not::does/does not}} show {{c2::cortical}} uptake in multicystic dysplastic kidney*
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Multilocular cystic nephroma}} is a benign, multiseptated cystic neoplasm with a bimodal age distribution (occur…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Multilocular cystic nephroma}} has an association with {{c1::DICER1}} mutations and {{c4::pleuropulmonary::where…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryOn imaging, multilocular cystic nephroma appears as a {{c1::multiseptated::appearance}} cystic renal mass with enhanci…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA characteristic imaging finding of multilocular cystic nephroma is the propensity to {{c1::herniate}} into the renal …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAn isolated simple renal cyst is {{c1::rare::common/rare?}} in children
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryTuberous sclerosis and von Hippel-Lindau both may have renal {{c1::cysts (simple renal cysts)}}Extra: Associated findi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) usually manifests in adulthood, although {{c1::50}}% develop some…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)}} typically features renal enlargement with numerous cysts …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)}} is associated with {{c2::hepatic}} cysts and less commonl…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)}} features tiny cysts that develop in infancy due to …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryIn {{c1::Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)}}, the cysts are typically too small to be resolvable b…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryEarlier presentations of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) have {{c1::worse::worse/better?}} progn…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryFetal diagnosis of {{c2::Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)}} often involves {{c1::oligohydramnios}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAutosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) is associated with hepatic {{c2::fibrosis}}, especially when it&…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Sagittal::plane of view}} ultrasound of the left kidney shows near-complete {{c1::replacement}} of the renal par…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryPatient has Wilms tumor Axial chest CT shows a right {{c1::lower}} lobe nodule, suspicious for {{c2::metastasis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryContrast-enhanced axial CT through the kidneys show near complete replacement of the left kidney by a dominant mass (y…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryContrast-enhanced axial CT image through the kidneys show extension of a dominant mass (with central foci of necrosis …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryContrast-enhanced axial CT image through the kidneys show extension into and expansion of the {{c2::inferior vena cava…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Wilms tumor}} is the most common childhood renal malignancy, typically affecting children between {{c2::3-5}} ye…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAlmost {{c1::90}}% of renal tumors in the first decade of life are {{c2::Wilms tumors}}, in the second decade the inci…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryWilms tumor arises from persistent {{c1::metanephric blastema}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryPatients with increased risk for {{c1::Wilms tumor}} include patients with:{{c3::Beckwith-weidemann}} syndrome{{c…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe classic imaging appearance of Wilms tumor is a {{c1::heterogenous::appearance}}, {{c2::solid::consistency}} renal …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe {{c1::claw sign}} of Wilms tumor indicates {{c2::renal parenchymal}} origin
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryVenous extension of Wilms tumor is seen in {{c1::5-10}}%
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Calcifications::hyperechoic}} may be present in Wilms tumor but are uncommon
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Wilms tumor}} may present as a cystic variant which may mimic benign {{c1::multilocular cystic nephroma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Liver}} or {{c2::lung}} metastases are each seen in approximately {{c1::10}}% of Wilms tumor
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Bone}} metastases, when present with renal mass, is more suggestive of {{c1::clear cell sarcoma::clear cell sarc…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryStaging of Wilms tumor uses the {{c2::National Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS)}} system, which is a combination of {{c1::radi…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNational Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS) staging system:Stage {{c2::I}}: {{c1::Completely resected mass confined to the kidne…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNational Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS) staging systemStage {{c2::II}}: {{c1::Completely resected mass with spread to nearby…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNational Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS) staging systemStage {{c1::III}}: {{c2::Incompletely resected mass with spread to nea…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNational WIlms Tumor Study (NWTS) staging systemStage {{c2::IV}}: {{c1::Hematogenous metastases (lung, liver, bone, br…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNational Wilms Tumor Study (NWTS) staging systemStage V (unique to Wilms): {{c1::Bilateral Wilms::extent of presentati…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAlthough far more common in adults, renal cell cancer can occur usually at ages {{c1::10-12::range}} years, typically …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Renal medullary carcinoma}} is an esppecially aggressive variant of renal cell carcinoma affecting pediatric pat…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryRhabdoid tumor is a rare, aggressive malignancy that may occur in the {{c1::brain or kidney::2 locations}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryImaging of rhabdoid tumor shows an {{c1::ill-defined, aggressive::appearance + growth rate}} {{c2::renal::where}} mass…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Renal:where}} and {{c1::CNS::where}} lesions may be concurrent with rhabdoid tumor
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c3::Rhabdoid tumors}} are typically seen at {{c1::=<1 year old::age?}} and, compared to other pediatric renal tum…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe classic ultrasound and cross-sectional finding of {{c3::rhabdoid tumor}} is a {{c1::subcapsular fluid crescent}}, …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Clear cell sarcoma}} is an uncommon renal cancer with propensity to metastasize to {{c2::bone}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe most common primary malignancies to metastasize to the {{c2::kidneys}} in children are {{c1::neuroblastoma, leukem…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Leukemia}} spread to the kidneys is characteristically {{c1::infiltrative::degree of extension}}, {{c1::diffuse:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Lymphoma}} as multiple imaging presentations when spread to the kidneys, including multiple masses or {{c2::diff…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Mesoblastic nephroma}} is a {{c2::benign::bening/malignant?}} tumor that appears identical to {{c3::Wilms tumor}…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA benign mesoblastic nephroma is {{c1::always::always/sometimes/never?}} surgically removed
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryMesoblastic nephroma is distinguished from Wilms tumor by {{c1::the age of the child (younger in mesoblastic nephroma,…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryMesoblastic nephroma arises from {{c1::persistent metanephric blastema::embryology}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryMesoblastic nephroma {{c1::is not::is/is not?}} related to metanephric blastema
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAxial contrast-enhanced CT in a neonate shows a large mass replacing the right renal parenchyma (arrows), containing n…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNephroblastomatosis is the persistence of {{c1::metanephric blastema}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe term {{c1::nephrogenic rest}} is used when {{c2::metanephric blastema}} persists beyond {{c3::36 weeks gestation}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryOn imaging, nephroblastomatosis may appear as a discrete, {{c1::homogenous::heterogenous/homogenous?}}, {{c1::nonenhan…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNephroblastomatosis is commonly {{c1::multifocal::unifocal/multifocal}}, {{c1::confluent::isolated/confluent?}}, {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Nephroblastomatosis}} is a precursor to {{c2::Wilms tumor}}, so frequent screening is performed.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryWorrisome findings on screening of nephroblastomatosis include rapid growth, inhomogeneity, increased {{c1::spherecity…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThough it can be central or peripheral, {{c1::central::central/peipheral?}} nephroblastomatosis is more likely to prog…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Nephroblastomatosis}} is present in {{c1::30}}% of all {{c3::Wilms nephrectomies::related to Wilms tumor}}, and …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinarySagittal ultrasound of the right kidney shows marked {{c2::lobular::shape}} enlargement of the kidney and reduced echo…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAxial contrast-enhanced CT shows bilateral nephromegaly and numerous {{c1::lobulated::shape}}, {{c2::relatively low at…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAngiomyolipoma is a benign renal tumor with elements of {{c1::blood vessels (angio), muscle (myo), and fat (lipoma)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryMost angiomyolipomas feature macroscopic {{c1::fat}}, which is visible on {{c2::CT or MRI}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAn angiomyolipoma larger than {{c1::4}} cm has a risk of {{c2::hemorrhage}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryDifferential diagnosis of multiple solid renal masses in a child:1. {{c1::Lymphoma}}2. {{c2::Nephroblastomatosis}}3. {…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Neuroblastoma}} is a primitive {{c3::neural crest cell::embryologic origin}} malignancy that arises from th…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNeuroblastoma most commonly arises from the {{c1::adrenal gland}}, followed by the {{c2::extra-adrenal retroperitoneum…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Neuroblastoma}} is the most common extracranial solid childhood malignancy
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNF-1, Hirschsprung, DiGeorge, Beckwith-WiedemanAssociated with: {{c1::neuroblastoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNeuroblastoma is associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome called {{c2::opsoclonus-myoclonus}} most commonly with…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA typical CT appearance of an adrenal neuroblastoma is a {{c1::suprarenal}} mass, with {{c2::calcifications}} seen in …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNeuroblastoma tends to {{c1::encase}} vessels, while Wilms tumor is known to {{c1::displace and narrow}} vessels
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryChest radiograph shows a subtle abnormal {{c1::right paradiphragmatic contour}}(arrows), which does not silhouette wit…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryCoronal contrast-enhanced CT shows a {{c1::diffusely enhancing::pertinent radiologic feature}} right paraspinal mass (…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryPosterior planar imaging from a I-123 MIBG scan shows avid tracer uptake in the right paraspinal region, suggestive of…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryOn MRI of the spine, neuroblastoma often invades into {{c1::neural foramina}} and the {{c1::spinal canal}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryOn MRI, neuroblastoma demonstrates diffusion restriction, reflecting {{c1::hypercellularity}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Neuroblastoma}} is a {{c3::catecholamine}}-secreting tumor and therefore positive on {{c2::I-123 MIBG}} scintigr…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryMetastases may be found in {{c1::75}}% of patients with neuroblastoma and commonly with involvement of {{c2::the bone …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA classic presentation of metastatic neuroblastoma is an intracranial, subdural mass originating from {{c1::the m…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryInternational Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG, 2009) features a set of imaged defined risk factors (IDRF), such as inva…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryInternational Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG, 2009) system of stagingStage L1: Localized tumor, not involving vital st…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryInternational Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG, 2009) system of stagingStage M: Distant metastases (excluding stage MS),…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryInternational Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG, 2009) system of stagingStage MS: Metastatic disease confined to skin, li…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Ganglioneuroma}} is a benign neurogenic tumor that appears similar to neuroblastoma on imaging.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Ganglioneuroblastoma}} is intermediate in biological behavior between benign {{c2::ganglioneuroma}} and malignan…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryNeuroblastoma presents between {{c1::1-5}} years of age (mean age of {{c1::2}} years)
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryIn contrast to neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma affects {{c1::slightly older::younger/older?}} children (most common age …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::50}}% of ganglioneuromas are positive on {{c2::I-123 MIBG scintigraphy}}, in contrast to neuroblastomas
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryRestricted diffusion on MRI {{c1::is not::is/is not}} a feature of ganglioneuroma
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Adrenal hemorrhage}} is the most common adrenal "mass" in neonates
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Adrenal hemorrhage::mass}} in neonate is associated with difficult {{c2::deliveries}}, perinatal stress related …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAdrenal hemorrhage in neonates is typically diagnosed by ultrasound as a {{c1::hypoechoic::hypo/an/hyperechoic?}} {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAdrenal hemorrhage in a neonate may appear similarly to neuroblastoma on initial ultrasound, but a follow-up scan woul…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAn old adrenal hemorrhage in neonate may {{c1::calcify}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)}} encompasses a group of enzymatic disorders in the synthesis of {{c3::cort…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryPatients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia can present with abnormalities in {{c1::genital}} development and salt ho…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryImaging findings suggestive of congenital adrenal hyperplasia include {{c1::uniformly}} enlarged size (length >20 m…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAdrenocortical carcinoma: Coronal (left image) and axial (right) contrast-enhanced CT shows a {{c2::heterogenously::ho…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Adrenal cortical carcinoma}} is an extremely rare disease, with a prevalence of approximately 1-2 cases per {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryAdrenal cortical carcinoma has a bimodal age distribution, seen in children younger than {{c1::5}} years old and adult…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe differential diagnosis for cystic pediatric pelvic masses depends on {{c1::the sex}} of the child.
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA {{c1::urachal}} anomaly results from incomplete obliteration of the embryologic {{c2::allantois}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe urachus is the remnant of the allantois, which connects the {{c1::urinary bladder}} to the {{c1::umbilical cord}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThere is a risk of {{c1::adenocarcinoma}} if a urachal anomaly is not resected
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUrachal anomaly: {{c1::Patent urachus::most common}} is a connection between bladder and umbilicus
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUrachal anomaly: {{c1::Urachal cyst}} is a {{c2::noncommunicating cyst}} in between the bladder and umbilicus
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUrachal anomaly: {{c2::Urachal sinus}} is a {{c1::blind-ending}} sinus at umbilicus
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUrachal anomaly: {{c1::Vesicourachal diverticulum}} is a {{c2::blind-ending}} bladder diverticulum
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA {{c3::rectal duplication}} cyst is a rare type of {{c1::gastrointestinal duplication}} cyst, usually ocurring in the…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Hydrometrocolpos}} is a {{c2::vagina and uterus dilated with fluid}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Hydrocolpos}} is a {{c2::vagina dilated with fluid}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Hematometrocolpos}} is a {{c2::dilated vagina and uterus filled with blood}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Ovarian dermoid}} cyst is a cystic pelvic mass occurring in females also referred to as mature cystic teratoma
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryA dilated fluid or blood-filled vagina and/or uterus may be in response to hormonal stimulation and outflow obstructio…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c2::Mullerian duct cyst}} is caused by {{c1::incomplete regression of the Mullerian ducts}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe {{c1::prostatic utricle}} is a normal midline structure that is the terminal remnant of the {{c2::Mullerian duct}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryThe {{c1::prostatic utricle}} arises from the {{c2::posterior urethra}} near the {{c3::verumontanum}} (ridge of the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryWhen a prostatic utricle is associated with {{c2::hypospadia}}, a prostatic utricle can become very {{c1::large}}
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinarySolid pelvic masses are less likely to represent {{c1::genitourinary}} anomalies, and are more concerning for {{c2::ne…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary{{c1::Rhabdomyosarcoma}} is the most common sarcoma of childhood
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryImaging features of {{c1::rhabdomyosarcoma}} shows {{c2::lobulated bunch of grapes}} appearance ({{c2::Botryoid}} vari…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinarySacrococcygeal teratoma is usually apparent on pre-{{c1::natal}} imaging
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: Genitourinary When {{c2::sacrococcygeal teratoma}} is detected after birth, the characteristic clinical appearance is a {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinarySacrococcygeal teratoma has a {{c1::heterogenous::homogenous/heterogenous?}} imaging appearance with {{c2::cystic, sol…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryVesicoureteral reflux can be {{c2::secondary}} (due to {{c1::distal obstruction}}, like from {{c1::post…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUreteropelvic junction obstruction can be caused by:An aberrant {{c1::renal artery}} compressing&n…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUreteropelvic junction obstruction can be caused by:An {{c1::aperistaltic}} segment of the ureter,…
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryRenal ptosis would show a {{c2::normal}} number of calyces, however an obstructed upper pole …
Published	05/01/2023	Pediatric Imaging: GenitourinaryUreterovesical obstruction is relatively rare and is commonly due to {{c1::ureterocele}} in ectopic ure…
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