Notes in 00_Diarrhoea

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Diarrhoea}} is a condition with {{c2::fluidity and frequency of stools}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Gastroenteritis}} is {{c2::inflammation all the way from the stomach to the intestines and presents with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea with thr…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Dysentery}} is a condition with {{c2::large bowel inflammation and bloody stools}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Acute gastritis}} is {{c2::inflammation of the stomach and presents with nausea and vomiting.}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Enteritis}} is {{c2::inflammation of the intestines and presents with diarrhoea}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Non-inflammatory}} Diarrhoea is usually caused by {{c2::cholera}}, which increases cAMP levels and Cl secretion into the gut lumen causing osmot…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Inflammatory}} Diarrhoea is usually caused by {{c2::shiegella dysentry}} leading to inflammatory toxin damage and mucosal destruction
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Non-inflammatory}} Presentation of Diarrhoeal Illness{{c1::Frequent watery stool with little abdominal pain}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Inflammatory}} Presentation of Diarrhoeal Illness{{c1::pain and fever, vomiting and mucousy stool}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Mixed}} Presentation of Diarrhoeal Illness{{c1::Frequent watery stool with pain and fever, vomiting and has mucousy stool}}
Published	02/10/2024	Complications of {{c2::Diarrhoea}} {{c1::Dehydration due to severe fluid loss (1-7 L/day)}} {{c1::Hyponatraemia}} {{c1::Hypokalaemia}}
Published	02/10/2024	Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhoea {{c1::IBD (Bloody diarrhoea in UC)}} {{c1::Spurious Diarrhoea (Secondary to constipation)}} {{c1::Rectal Carcinoma…
Published	02/10/2024	The most common foodborne pathogen is {{c1::Campylobacter}}
Published	02/10/2024	The pathogen that causes the most hospital admissions is {{c1::Salmonella}}
Published	02/10/2024	The most common cause of Gastroenteritis is {{c1::Viral::Viral/Bacterial/Parasite}}
Published	02/10/2024	Viral Causative Organisms of Gastroenteritis{{c1::Rotavirus}} ‒ {{c1::Norovirus}} ‒ {{c1::Adenovirus}}
Published	02/10/2024	Bacterial Causative Organisms of Gastroenteritis{{c1::E.coli}} ‒ {{c1::Campylobacter Jejuni}} ‒ {{c1::Shigella}}{{c1::Salmonella}} ‒ {{c1::Bacill…
Published	02/10/2024	Parasite Causative Organisms of Gastroenteritis{{c1::Giardiasis duodenalis}}{{c1::Cryptosporidium parvum}}{{c1::Entamoeba histolytica}}
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of Rotavirus ‒ {{c1::antigen detection in stool}}
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of Norovirus ‒ {{c1::PCR}}
Published	02/10/2024	E. coli 0157 can cause {{c1::haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)}} by producing {{c2::Shiga toxin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Why should antibiotics be avoided if E. coli gastroenteritis is considered?The use of antibiotics increases the risk of {{c1::haemolytic uraemic syndr…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Campylobacter}} is a common cause of travellers diarrhoea and the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide
Published	02/10/2024	E. coli spreads through {{c1::infected faeces}}, {{c1::unwashed salads}} or {{c1::water}}
Published	02/10/2024	Campylobacter is spread by {{c1::Raw or improperly cooked poultry}} {{c1::Untreated water}} {{c1::Unpasteurised milk}}
Published	02/10/2024	Campylobacter is associated with which condition:{{c1::Guillain-Barré syndrome}}
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Campylobacter gastroenteritis {{c1::Abdominal cramps}} {{c1::Diarrhoea often with blood}} {{c1::Vomiting}} {{c1::Fever}}
Published	02/10/2024	Incubation period of Campylobacter is usually {{c1::2}}-{{c1::5}} days.
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Campylobacter gastroenteritis is {{c1::azithromycin}} or {{c1::ciprofloxacin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Shigella is spread by {{c1::faeces contaminating drinking water}}, {{c1::swimming pools}} and {{c1::food}}.
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Shigella gastroenteritis {{c1::Bloody diarrhoea}} {{c1::Abdominal cramps}} {{c1::Fever}}
Published	02/10/2024	Incubation period of Shigella is {{c1::1}}-{{c1::2}} days
Published	02/10/2024	Shigella can cause {{c1::haemolytic uraemic syndrome}} by producing {{c2::Shiga toxin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Shigella gastroenteritis is {{c1::azithromycin}} or {{c1::ciprofloxacin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Salmonella is spread by {{c1::eating raw eggs or poultry and food contaminated with infected faeces of small animals}}
Published	02/10/2024	Incubation period of Salmonella is {{c1::12}} hours to {{c1::3}} days
Published	02/10/2024	Salmonella is associated with which condition?{{c1::Post-infectious irritable bowel}}
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Salmonella {{c1::Watery diarrhoea can be bloody or mucusy}} {{c1::Abdominal pain}} {{c1::Vomiting}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Antibiotics}} are only necessary in severe cases of Salmonella and guided by stool culture and sensitivities
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Bacillus Cereus}} is spread typically by leftover {{c1::fried rice}} at room temperature
Published	02/10/2024	Bacillus whilst growing on food produces a toxin called {{c1::cereulide}}
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Bacillus CereusThe typical course is {{c1::vomiting}} within 5 hours, then {{c1::diarrhoea}} after 8 hours, then resolution within 24 hour…
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Bacillus Cereus{{c1::Self-limiting; all of the symptoms usually resolves within 24 hours}}
Published	02/10/2024	Pigs are key carriers of {{c1::Yersinia Enterocolitica}} and eating raw or undercooked pork can cause infection
Published	02/10/2024	Incubation of Yersinia Enterocolitica is {{c1::4}}-{{c1::7}} days and the illness can last longer than other causes of enteritis with symptoms la…
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Yersinia Enterocolitica in Children {{c1::Watery/Bloody Diarrhoea}} {{c1::Abdominal pain}} {{c1::Fever}} {{c1::Lymphadenopathy}}
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Yersinia Enterocolitica in Older Children or Adults {{c1::Right-sided abdominal pain}} due to mesenteric lymphadenitis {{c1::Fever}}
Published	02/10/2024	Yersinia Enterocolitica in Older Children or Adults gives the impresssion of which condition?{{c1::Appendicitis}}
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms after ingesting Staphylococcus Aureus Toxin {{c1::Diarrhoea}} {{c1::Perfuse vomiting}} {{c1::Abdominal cramps}} {{c1::Fever}}
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of Clostridiodes difficle diarrhoea{{c1::Patient has usually undergone 4 C antibiotic treatment after ear or lung infection (Cephalospori…
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Clostridiodes difficle diarrhoea {{c1::Metronidazole}} {{c1::Oral Vancomycin}} {{c1::Fidaxomicin (in recurring C. difficle)}} {{c1::Stool…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Giardia lamblia}} is a type of microscopic parasite that lives in the small intestines of mammals
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Giardiasis {{c1::Asymptomatic}} {{c1::Chronic diarrhoea}}
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of Giardiasis is by {{c1::Stool culture microscopy}} and {{c1::duodenal biopsy}}
Published	02/10/2024	Stool Microscopy of Giardiasis shows {{c1::Cysts}}
Published	02/10/2024	Duodenal biopsy of Giardiasis shows {{c1::Trophozoites}}
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Giardiasis is by using {{c1::Metronidazole}}
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Cryptosporidium {{c1::Diarrhoea}} {{c1::Nausea and vomiting}} {{c1::Abdominal pain}}
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium is by {{c1::Stool microscopy}}
Published	02/10/2024	Stool Microscopy of Cryptosporidium shows {{c1::Oocysts}}
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Cryptosporidium{{c1::Self-limiting usually only rehydration}}
Published	02/10/2024	Amoebiasis, or amoebic dysentery, is an infection caused by {{c1::Entamoeba histolytica}}
Published	02/10/2024	Symptoms of Amoebic dysentery{{c1::Lethargy}}{{c1::Weight loss}} {{c1::Colonic ulcerations}} {{c1::Abdominal pain}}{{c1::Diarrhoea, or bloody dia…
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of Entamoeba is by {{c1::Stool microscopy}}
Published	02/10/2024	Long term complication of Entamoeba{{c1::Amoebic Liver Abscess ‘’anchovy pus’’}}
Published	02/10/2024	Post-Gastroenteritis Complications {{c1::Lactose intolerance}} {{c1::Irritable bowel syndrome}} {{c1::Reactive arthritis}} {{c1::Guillain–Barré s…
Published	02/10/2024	The mainstay investigation of Diarrhoea is {{c1::Stool culture}}
Published	02/10/2024	Investigations of Diarrhoea {{c1::Stool culture (usually takes 3 days)}} {{c1::Blood culture}} {{c1::Renal function (U&Es)}} {{c1::Blood count (ne…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome}} is {{c2::thrombosis in small blood vessels throughout the body triggered by a bacterial toxin calle…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome}} leads to the classic triad of: {{c1::Haemolytic anaemia}} {{c1::Acute kidney injury}} {{c1::Low platelet count (th…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome}} {{c1::Reduced urine output}} {{c1::Haematuria}} or {{c1::dark brown urine}} {{c1::Abdominal pain}}…
Published	02/10/2024	Management of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome is by {{c1::supportive therapy}} and {{c1::dialysis}}
Published	02/10/2024	History of a Diarrhoea Patient:[1] {{c1::Duration of Symptoms (>2wks then unlikely to be infective gastro-enteritis)}}[2] {{c1::Risk of f…
Published	02/10/2024	Examination of a Diarrhoea Patient:[1] {{c1::Assess Hydration (Postural BP, Skin turgor, Pulse)}}[2] {{c1::Assess Inflammation (Fever)}…
Published	02/10/2024	Bristol Stool Chart{{c1::}}
Published	02/10/2024	Alternative Stool Chart (Ewww){{c1::}}
Published	02/10/2024	Management of Non-inflammatory Diarrhoea is by {{c1::Rehydration}}
Published	02/10/2024	Management of Inflammatory Diarrhoea is by {{c1::Antibiotics}} and {{c1::Rehydration}}
Published	02/10/2024	Principles of Gastroenteritis Management {{c1::Good hygiene}} {{c1::Isolation after symptom development}} {{c1::Stool culture}} and {{c1::microscopy}}…
Published	02/10/2024	Antidiarrhoeal medication should be avoided in {{c1::e.coli 0157}} and {{c1::shigella}} infections to reduce risk of development of Haemolytic Ur…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Blood count (neutrophilia & haemolysis)}} is done to check for E. Coli 0157 because it can cause {{c1::Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome}}
Published	02/10/2024	The mainstay of Gastroenteritis treatment is {{c1::Rehydration}}; which can be oral or IV.
Published	02/10/2024	When are antibiotics indicated in Gastroenteritis? {{c1::Immunocompromised}} {{c1::Severe sepsis}} {{c1::Invasive infection}} {{c1::Chronic illness e.…
Published	02/10/2024	Severity markers of C. difficle diarrhoea {{c1::Raised temp > 38.5}} {{c1::WCC > 15}} {{c1::Acute rising creatinine}} {{c1::Suspicion of colitis…
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of C. difficile diarrhoea ‒ if no severity markers ‒ is {{c1::Metronidazole}}
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of C. difficile diarrhoea ‒ if </= 2 severity markers ‒ is {{c1::Oral Vancomycin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Prevention of C. difficle infection {{c1::Reduce broad spectrum antibiotic prescribing}} {{c1::Avoid the 4 C’s (Cephalosporins, Co-amoxiclav, Clindamy…
Published	02/10/2024	The 4 C's are:({{c1::Cephalosporins}}, {{c1::Co-amoxiclav}}, {{c1::Clindamycin}}, {{c1::Ciprofloxacin}})
Status	Last Update	Fields