Notes in a. Energy Metabolism II

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Published	07/28/2024	The citric acid cycle occurs in the {{c1::mitochondrial matrix}} where two {{c1::carbons}} enter as {{c1::acetyl CoA}} and leave as {{c1::CO…
Published	07/28/2024	Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria via {{c1::secondary}} active transport via {{c1::symport}} with {{c1::hydrogen}} ions
Published	07/28/2024	Describe the method of transport used by mitochondrial pyruvate transporters.
Published	07/28/2024	Which B vitamins serve as cofactors for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Published	07/28/2024	What are the 5 cofactors utilized via the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Published	07/28/2024	ATP {{c1::inhibits}} the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Published	07/28/2024	NADH {{c1::inhibits}} the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Published	07/28/2024	Acetyl CoA {{c1::inhibits}} the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::activates}} the pyruvate dehydrogenous complex
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Beriberi}} is a dietary deficiency in {{c2::thiamine - B1}} that causes decreased ability to oxidize {{c1::pyruvate}} leading to high blood…
Published	07/28/2024	Oxaloacetate can be regenerated via {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase}} and is a critical entry point to {{c1::gluconeogenesis}} when more oxaloacetate …
Published	07/28/2024	Pyruvate carboxylase converts {{c1::pyruvate}} to {{c2::oxaloacetate}} using {{c3::bicarbonate}} and {{c4::ATP}}
Published	07/28/2024	High concentrations of NAD+ {{c1::increase}} the flux of the citric acid cycle
Published	07/28/2024	High concentrations of ADP {{c1::increase}} the flux of the citric acid cycle
Published	07/28/2024	High concentrations of ATP {{c1::decrease}} the flux of the citric acid cycle
Published	07/28/2024	Increased concentration of oxaloacetate {{c1::increases}} the flux of the citric acid cycle
Published	07/28/2024	ATP is exported from the mitochondrial matrix via {{c1::antiport (Adenine nucleotide translocase)}} with {{c2::ADP}}
Published	07/28/2024	Phosphate is transported into the nucleus via {{c1::symport (phosphate translocase)}} with {{c2::H+}} which is necessary to provide inorgani…
Published	07/28/2024	In the case of low ATP use by the cell, the electron transport {{c1::decreases}}, oxygen consumption {{c2::decreases}}, NADH {{c3::increases…
Published	07/28/2024	In the case of high ATP use by the cell, electron transport {{c1::increases}}, O2 consumption {{c2::increases}}, NADH {{c3::decreases}}…
Published	07/28/2024	In the case of a lack of O2, the electron transport chain {{c1::slows/stops}}, ATP synthesis is {{c2::decreased}}, NADH is {{c3::increa…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::DiNitroPhenol (DNP)}} uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by reacting with protons which removes {{c1::DNP}} charge which allows it to diffuse a…
Published	07/28/2024	The protein {{c1::UCP (thermogenin)}} uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, but in a controlled way in the mitochondria of {{c2::brown fat}}.…
Published	07/28/2024	UCP serves what function in brown fat?
Published	07/28/2024	What is the warburg effect?
Published	07/28/2024	How can the warburg effect be utilized in cancer diagnostics and evaluation?
Published	07/28/2024	Which 3 enzymes must be overcome in gluconeogenesis?
Published	07/28/2024	What enzyme overcomes hexokinase in gluconeogenesis and what disease is caused by a deficiency in this enzyme?
Published	07/28/2024	What enzyme overcomes PFK-1 in gluconeogenesis?
Published	07/28/2024	How does gluconeogenesis overcome the pyruvate kinase energy barrier?
Published	07/28/2024	What is the energy requirement necessary to convert Pyruvate back to PEP?
Published	07/28/2024	Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
Published	07/28/2024	During the Cori cycle, {{c1::lactate}} is generated in the {{c2::muscles}} and is converted back to {{c3::glucose}} in the {{c4::l…
Published	07/28/2024	In the glucose-alanine cycle, {{c1::alanine}} is produced from pyruvate in the {{c2::muscles}} and is converted back into {{c3::glucose…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Glycerol}} enters gluconeogenesis at the {{c2::trios phosphate}} stage
Published	07/28/2024	Only the {{c1::liver}} and {{c2::kidney}} have the enzyme glucose-6-phosphotase
Published	07/28/2024	Von Gierke disease is a defiency of the enzyme {{c1::glucose-6-phosphatase}}
Published	07/28/2024	Formation of {{c1::PEP}} is the committed step of gluconeogenesis
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::activates}} PFK-2, stimulating {{c2::glycolysis}}
Published	07/28/2024	Glucagon {{c1::activates}} FBPase-2, stimulating {{c2::gluconeogenesis}}
Published	07/28/2024	Pyruvate {{c1::dehydrogenase}} deficiency is an {{c1::x-linked}} disorder that causes acidosis due to the accumulation of {{c1::lactate}} because pyru…
Published	07/28/2024	What are the functions of the TCA cycle
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Succinate dehydrogenase}} is the only enzyme embedded in the {{c1::inner mitochondrial membrane}} and feeds its electrons directly to the electr…
Published	07/28/2024	The ETC involves {{c1::four}} respiratory complexes embedded in the {{c1::inner}} mitochondrial membrane and uses {{c1::cofactors (FMN, CoQ, Cyt, FeS)…
Published	07/28/2024	By controlling the flow of electrons from {{c1::NADH}} to {{c1::O2}} down their redox potential {{c1::hydrogen}} ions can be pumped out of the matrix,…
Published	07/28/2024	Gluconeogenesis requires energy from the use of {{c1::4}} ATP molecules. The energy input usually comes from {{c1::fatty acid}} oxidation. Gluconeogen…
Published	07/28/2024	Major carbon source during fasting are broken down amino acids in {{c1::muscle}} cells which can be converted to {{c1::oxaloacetate}} in the liver for…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::NADH}} is required for the {{c1::GAPDH}} enzyme to function in reverse in gluconeogenesis. Thus {{c1::lactate}} and free {{c1::pyruvate}} are tr…
Published	07/28/2024	What are the main regulators of gluconeogenesis and how does it compare to glycolysis?
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