Notes in b. Diabetes

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin is present in the {{c1::fed}} state
Published	07/28/2024	Incretins such as Glp-1, and GIP are present in the {{c1::fed}} state
Published	07/28/2024	Glucagon is is present in the {{c1::fasted}} state. One of the {{c1::counter}} regulatory proteins
Published	07/28/2024	Epinepherine/norepinepherin is present in the {{c1::fasted}} state. One of the {{c1::counter}} regulatory proteins
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Glucocorticoids (cortisol)}} and {{c2::GH}} are secreted when CNS senses hypoglycemia in the {{c1::fasted}} state, {{c1::slower}} response,…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Alpha}} cells produce {{c1::glucagon}} and a little bit of {{c1::GLP-1}}
Published	07/28/2024	Pancreatic {{c1::beta}} cells secrete {{c2::insulin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Pro-insulin is processed into {{c1::active insulin}} and {{c2::C-peptide}} in a {{c1::one to one}} fashion via recognition of the {{c1::dibasic}}…
Published	07/28/2024	How does ATP signal release of insulin from beta cells?
Published	07/28/2024	How does GLP-1 signal for release of insulin from beta cells?
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::stimulates}} glucokinase in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::promotes}} glycogen synthesis in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::inhibits}} glycogen breakdown in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::inhibits}} glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::inhibits}} gluconeogenesis in the liver which does not have GLUT {{c1::4}} and instead has GLUT {{c1::2}} which does not respond di…
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin signaling in the liver {{c1::increases}} lipid synthesis
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin signaling in the liver {{c1::increases}} protein synthesis
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::stimulates}} skeletal glucose transporters
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::increases}} glycogen synthesis in muscles (for future use in muscle and not for increasing blood glucose). Insulin does this by inc…
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::decreases}} glycogen breakdown in muscle
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::stimulates}} amino acid transport in muscle
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::increases}} protein synthesis in muscles
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::stimulates}} Na/K ATPase in muscle
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::stimulates}} glucose transport in adipose
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin stimulates {{c1::lipogenesis}} in adipose. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine stimulate {{c1::lipolysis}} in adipose tissue
Published	07/28/2024	Insulin {{c1::stimulates}} fatty acid transport in adipose tissue.
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Incretins}} include GLP-1 and GIP. GIP is responsible for majority of {{c1::normal}} physiologic response.
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Incretins}} are hormones that are released by the intestines when glucose is digested which aid in stimulation of {{c2::beta}} cells
Published	07/28/2024	GLP-1 is produced from the same pro-peptide as {{c1::glucagon}}. Whether {{c1::glucagon}} or GLP-1 is made depends on cell {{c1::type}}. GLP-1 is…
Published	07/28/2024	Proglucagon is cleaved into {{c1::glucagon}} in pancreatic alpha cells
Published	07/28/2024	Proglucagon is cleaved into {{c1::GLP-1}} in intestinal L cells
Published	07/28/2024	The short term response to a fasting state is {{c1::glycogenolysis}}
Published	07/28/2024	The intermediate response to a fasting state is {{c1::gluconeogenesis}}
Published	07/28/2024	The long term response to a fasting state is an increase in {{c1::FA}} and {{c2::Ketone bodies}} in the blood. Ketone bodies are basically {…
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::liver}} makes ketone bodies
Published	07/28/2024	Glucagon {{c1::promotes}} gluconeogenesis in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Glucagon {{c1::promotes}} glycogen breakdown in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Glucagon {{c1::promotes}} ketogenesis in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Glucagon {{c1::inhibits}} glycogen synthesis in the liver
Published	07/28/2024	Glucagon signaling in the liver is directed by {{c1::GPCRs}} signaling {{c2::cAMP}} cascades
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Epinepherin/norepinepherin}} give rise to the symptoms associated with hypoglycemia
Published	07/28/2024	Type {{c1::I}} DM is caused by {{c1::beta cell destruction}} with lack of insulin production (absolute deficiency). Peak onset at {{c1::14 y/o}},…
Published	07/28/2024	Type {{c1::II}} DM is caused by beta cell dysfunction as a result of developed insulin {{c1::resistance (insensitivity)}} leading to relative ins…
Published	07/28/2024	Islet cell antibodies can be observed in Type {{c1::I}} DM. Top highlighted region are the pancreatic {{c1::acinar}} cells that make digestive en…
Published	07/28/2024	Hypoglycemia is more common in type {{c1::I}} DM and is caused by {{c2::excess insulin administration}}
Published	07/28/2024	Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by unchecked {{c1::glucagon}}, which causes the liver to pour out {{c2::ketone bodies}} and other similar ho…
Published	07/28/2024	f36a535135b249a4b4be0462a402f505-ao-1
Published	07/28/2024	f36a535135b249a4b4be0462a402f505-ao-2
Published	07/28/2024	f36a535135b249a4b4be0462a402f505-ao-3
Published	07/28/2024	f36a535135b249a4b4be0462a402f505-ao-4
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Sulfonylurea receptor-1 (SUR1)}} is a target for sulfonylurea anti-diabetic drugs which bind to {{c1::SUR1}} and further close the {{c1::SUR1}} …
Published	07/28/2024	DM symptoms include {{c1::hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polydypsia}}
Published	07/28/2024	DM is diagnosed by measuring the {{c1::HgbA1c}} level, measuring the {{c1::fasting blood glucose}} level, and measuring {{c1::2-hour plasma glucose}} …
Published	07/28/2024	Diabetic {{c1::Ketoacidosis}} is fasting gone awry where {{c1::glucagon}} is unchecked by insulin which causes excess hyperglycemia with downstream ef…
Published	07/28/2024	BMI is an {{c1::indirect}} measure of obesity (increased adipose tissue) but increased BMI {{c1::correlates}} with diabetes. Good for {{c1::epidemiolo…
Published	07/28/2024	Main {{c1::macrovascular}} complications of DM occur in {{c1::cardiovascular}} system, including {{c1::coronary heart}} disease and {{c1::myocardial i…
Published	07/28/2024	Main {{c1::microvascular}} complications of DM are {{c1::diabetic retinopathy}} where diabetes is most common cause of new onset blindness, {{c1::end …
Published	07/28/2024	Diabetes complications during pregnancy include {{c1::increased}} insulin requirements and worsening diabetic {{c1::retinopathy and nephropathy}} for …
Published	07/28/2024	Treatments for Type II DM include {{c1::metformin (first line)}} which shuts off hepatic {{c1::gluconeogenesis}}, a second line GLP-1 receptor or Dual…
Status	Last Update	Fields