Notes in 01 Renal Pathophysiology: AKI, ESRD & Transplant

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/03/2023	What effect do normal levels of angiotensin II have on GFR?{{c1::Increased GFR}}
Published	10/03/2023	NSAIDs decrease prostaglandins, which normally {{c1::dilate}} the {{c2::afferent}} arterioles of the kidney
Published	10/03/2023	What effect may NSAIDs have on GFR?{{c1::Decreased GFR}}
Published	10/03/2023	Blood enters the glomerular capillaries via the {{c1::afferent}} arterioles
Published	10/03/2023	Blood exits the glomerular capillaries via the {{c1::efferent}} arterioles
Published	10/04/2023	Blood from the efferent arterioles is delivered to the {{c1::peritubular}} capillaries
Published	10/03/2023	Which arterioles of the kidney (afferent or efferent) are more sensitive to angiotensin II? {{c1::Efferent arterioles}}
Published	10/03/2023	What drug class inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins and thus interferes with the protective effect of PGs on renal function?{{c1::NSAIDs}}
Published	10/03/2023	What does PGC represent in regards to GFR (fluid exchange)? {{c1::Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure}}
Published	10/04/2023	What effect does efferent arteriolar constriction have on RPF?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	10/03/2023	What effect does efferent arteriolar constriction have on GFR?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	10/03/2023	The hallmark of acute kidney injury is {{c1::azotemia}}, often with {{c2::oliguria::urinary change}}
Published	10/03/2023	Azotemia typically refers to an increase in serum {{c1::BUN}} and {{c1::creatinine}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Prerenal}} azotemia is due to decreased {{c2::renal blood flow}} (e.g. cardiac failure, hypotension)
Published	10/03/2023	What is the effect of prerenal azotemia on GFR? {{c1::Decreased GFR}}
Published	10/03/2023	Is BUN normally reabsorbed by the kidney? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	10/03/2023	Is creatinine normally reabsorbed by the kidney?{{c1::No}}
Published	10/03/2023	In prerenal azotemia, the BUN:creatinine ratio is {{c1::>}} 15
Published	10/03/2023	How does the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) change in prerenal azotemia? {{c1::Decreased; < 1%}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Postrenal}} azotemia is due to obstruction of the urinary tract downstream from the kidney (e.g. stones, BPH, neoplasia)
Published	10/03/2023	What is the effect of postrenal azotemia on GFR? {{c1::Decreased GFR}}
Published	10/03/2023	Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemic injury is often preceded by {{c1::prerenal azotemia}}
Published	10/03/2023	Chronic renal failure is most commonly caused by {{c1::diabetes mellitus}}, {{c2::hypertension}}, and {{c3::glomerular}} disease
Published	10/03/2023	What acid-base disorder is a consequence of renal failure? {{c1::Metabolic acidosis}}
Published	10/03/2023	What potassium imbalance is a consequence of renal failure?{{c1::Hyperkalemia}}
Published	10/03/2023	One consequence of renal failure is {{c1::anemia}} due to decreased {{c2::erythropoietin}} production
Published	10/03/2023	Chronic renal disease is characterized by {{c1::hypo}}-calcemia
Published	10/03/2023	Chronic renal disease is characterized by {{c2::hyper}}-phosphatemia
Published	10/03/2023	How do levels of parathyroid hormone change in chronic renal disease? {{c1::Increased (secondary hyperparathyroidism)}}
Published	10/03/2023	Treatment of renal failure involves {{c1::dialysis}} or {{c2::renal transplant}}
Published	10/03/2023	What equation may be used to calculate the fractional excretion of sodium using creatinine as an estimate of GFR? FENa = {{c1::(PCr * UNa) / (UCr * P…
Published	10/03/2023	Increased prostaglandin (e.g. loop diuretics) causes vaso-{{c1::dilation}} of the {{c2::afferent}} arteriole
Published	10/03/2023	What type of graft is from self? {{c1::Autograft}}
Published	10/03/2023	What type of graft is from an identical twin or clone? {{c1::Syngeneic graft (isograft)}}
Published	10/03/2023	What type of graft is from a non-identical individual of the same species? {{c1::Allograft}}
Published	10/03/2023	What type of graft is from a different species? {{c1::Xenograft}}
Published	10/03/2023	Indications for acute dialysis may be remembered with the mnemonic AEIOU:A - {{c1::Acidosis}}E - {{c2::severe Electrolyte abnormalities}}I - {{c3::sub…
Published	10/03/2023	What measurement characterizes the 5 stages of CKD and what stage requires dialysis?{{c1::GFR (mL/min); stage 5 (GFR < 15) requires …
Published	10/03/2023	Stages of CKDI - Normal/High: GFR {{c1::> 90}}II - Mild: GFR {{c1::60-89}}III - Moderate: GFR {{c1::30-59}}IV - Severe: GFR {{c1::15-29}}V - Kidney…
Published	10/03/2023	Renal VasculatureFrom = Aorta -> renal artery{{c1::Afferent}} arteriole -> glomerular capillary -> {{c1::efferent}} arteriole -> peritubul…
Published	10/03/2023	In the nephron:{{c1::cortex::layer}} has glomeruli + tubules + vessels{{c1::medulla::layer}} has tubule + vesselsglomeruli {{c2::form}} ultrafiltrate …
Published	10/03/2023	ACE inhibitors and ARBs regulate GFR by vaso{{c1::dilation (efferent > afferent)}}, which {{c2::↓::↑/↓}} GFR
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Published	10/03/2023	AKI < {{c1::1 week::time period}}AKD < {{c1::3 months::time period}}
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Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Renal vein thrombosis}} causes {{c2::parenchymal}} AKI due to a {{c3::hypercoagulable state}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Acute Atheroembolic Disease}} causes {{c2::parenchymal}} AKI usually following a {{c3::cardiac procedure}}
Published	10/03/2023	Impaired concentration ability causes {{c1::poly::poly/olig}}uria
Published	10/03/2023	Lowest urinary volume required to remove osmolar loadV = {{c1::osmolar load/urine concentration}}
Published	10/08/2023	We use {{c1::Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)}}, {{c2::Creatinine}}, and {{c3::Serum Cystatin-C}} as markers of kidney function
Published	10/03/2023	Creatinine and GFR relationship is {{c1::exponential/logarithmic}}
Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Creatinine::Serum Cystatin-C/Creatinine}} varies by muscle mass and age{{c1::Serum Cystatin-C::Serum Cystatin-C/Creatinine}} has the same levels…
Published	10/03/2023	Glucosuria in the absence of hyperglycemia indicates {{c1::proximal tubular::part of nephron}} dysfunction
Published	10/03/2023	RBC Casts/Hematuria can indicate {{c1::glomerulonephritis::disease}}
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Published	10/03/2023	CKD causes {{c1::decreased::inc/dec}} blood pH and bicarbonate
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Published	10/03/2023	{{c1::Crossmatch}} tests for recipient {{c2::HLA antibodies}} to potential donor
Published	10/03/2023	HLA typing looks at {{c1::HLA antigens}} of donor and recipient
Published	10/03/2023	Long term survival of a kidney transplant can be maintained by manipulating the immune system with the help of {{c1::immunosuppressive}} medications
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