Notes in 01_Type_1_Diabetes

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Published	02/10/2024	Healthy blood glucose levels in a fasted resting state are tightly regulated around {{c1::4}}-{{c1::5}} mmol/l
Published	02/10/2024	Healthy blood glucose levels after having a meal are around {{c1::7}}-{{c1::8}} mmol/l, a rise of 60% above fasting state.
Published	02/10/2024	How is Atherosclerosis accelerated in Diabetes?{{c1::Glucose molecules stop low density lipoprotein (LDL) from binding its receptor (on liver cells) t…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c2::Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)}} is {{c1::an autoimmune condition that involves an inability of the pancreas to produce insulin, meaning t…
Published	02/10/2024	Acute Complications of T1DM include {{c1::Hypoglycaemia (≤ 3.9 mmol/l)}} and {{c1::Hyperglycaemia leading to Diabetic Ketoacidosis}}
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of Hypoglycaemia {{c1::Tremor}}{{c1::Sweating}}{{c1::irritability}}{{c1::Dizziness}}{{c1::Pallor}}
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of Hypoglycaemia {{c1::Exercise}} {{c1::Alcohol}} {{c1::Malnutrition}} {{c1::Fasting}} {{c1::Too much insulin}} {{c1::Inappropriate insulin tim…
Published	02/10/2024	Macrovascular Complications of Hyperglycaemia {{c1::Coronary artery disease}}  {{c1::Peripheral ischaemia}}, {{c1::ulcers}}, and {{c1::diabe…
Published	02/10/2024	Microvascular Complications of Hyperglycaemia {{c1::Diabetic Neuropathy}} {{c1::Diabetic Retinopathy}} {{c1::Diabetic Nephropathy}}
Published	02/10/2024	Infection Related Complications of Hyperglycaemia {{c1::Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)}} {{c1::Pneumonia}} {{c1::Skin and soft tissue infections…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)}} {{c1::Polyuria}} {{c1::Polydipsia}} {{c1::Nausea and vomiting}} {{c1::Dehydration and hypotension}…
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) {{c1::Hyperglycaemia}} {{c1::Dehydration}} {{c1::Ketosis}} {{c1::Metabolic acidosis (with a low bicarbo…
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Ketoacidosis{{c1::Cells in the body have no fuel, so they think its starvation mode and start ketogenesis so that they have fuel. O…
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Dehydration in Diabetic Ketoacidosis{{c1::Hyperglycaemia leads to glucose going out in the urine causing water to follow it in a pr…
Published	02/10/2024	Pathophysiology of Potassium Imbalance in Diabetes{{c1::Normally the presence of insulin drives potassium into cells No insulin = Less potassium in ce…
Published	02/10/2024	The most dangerous aspects and signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) are {{c1::dehydration}}, {{c1::potassium imbalance}} and {{c1::acidosis}}.
Published	02/10/2024	Diagnosis of {{c2::Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)}} {{c1::Hyperglycaemia (i.e. blood glucose > 11 mmol/l)}} {{c1::Ketosis (i.e. blood ketones &g…
Published	02/10/2024	Monitoring Investigations in Type 1 Diabetes{{c1::HbA1c (repeated every 3-6 months)}}{{c1::Capillary Blood Glucose}}
Published	02/10/2024	What is HbA1c?{{c1::Assessment of glycated haemoglobin (haemoglobin with glucose attached) to reflect the average glucose levels over 3 months as red …
Published	02/10/2024	Red blood cells (RBCs) have a lifespan of around {{c1::3}}-{{c1::4}} months.
Published	02/10/2024	In T1DM, {{c2::HbA1c}} is measured every {{c1::3}} – {{c1::6}} months to track progression of the patient’s diabete…
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Diabetic KetoacidosisRemembered as {{c1::FIG-PICK}} {{c1::F – Fluids – IV fluid resuscitation with 0.9% NaCl then add KCl}…
Published	02/10/2024	Management of Type 1 Diabetes {{c1::Take insulin in the correct dosage and at the right time}} {{c1::Monitoring dietary carbohydrate intake}} {{c…
Published	02/10/2024	How is Insulin usually prescribed?{{c1::Insulin is usually prescribed as a combination of a long acting insulin given once a …
Published	02/10/2024	Patients cycle their injection sites of Insulin to avoid {{c1::lipodystrophy}}
Published	02/10/2024	Sick Day Rules for Type 1 Diabetes {{c1::Never stop insulin (it is required to use glucose and get rid of ketones)}}  {{c1::Check your blood gluc…
Published	02/10/2024	First-line Treatment for patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis is {{c1::fluid resuscitation}} to correct the dehydration, potassium imbalance …
Published	02/10/2024	When treatment with insulin starts in patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis, they can develop severe {{c1::hypokalaemia}} very quickly and this can…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Mild}} Hypoglycaemia is managed with {{c2::rapid acting glucose (e.g. Lucozade)}}, {{c2::glucose tablets}}, or {{c2::pure fruit juice}…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Moderate}} Hypoglycaemia, which presents with confusion and difficulty/inability to swallow, is managed with {{c2::Glucoboost (i.e. Gl…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Severe}} Hypoglycaemia, which presents with seizures and reduced GCS, is managed with {{c2::IV dextrose}} over 10-15 mins or…
Published	02/10/2024	In the context of Driving, patients with Type 1 Diabetes should inform {{c1::DVLA}} that they are on insulin
Published	02/10/2024	In the context of Driving, DO NOT drive for {{c1::45 mins}} after having a hypoglycaemic episode
Published	02/10/2024	In the context of Driving, patients should be advised to check their glucose within {{c1::two hours}} of starting driving and every {{c1::two hour}} i…
Published	02/10/2024	To avoid Hypokalaemia in Diabetic Ketoacidosis, it is important that we give insulin or IV fluid with {{c1::potassium chloride (KCl)}}
Published	02/10/2024	Insulin Combinations contain a {{c1::rapid}} acting and an {{c1::intermediate}} acting insulin
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