Notes in m. Energy Metabolism I

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Published	07/28/2024	In cells where glucose uptake is insulin-independent, glucose receptors are located on {{c1::the plasma membrane}} these include cells in the {{c…
Published	07/28/2024	In cells where glucose uptake is insulin-dependent, glucose transporters are located {{c1::inside the cell}}
Published	07/28/2024	GLUT transporters {{c1::do not::(do/don't)}} require energy
Published	07/28/2024	GLUT transporters utilize {{c1::facilitated}} diffusion and different GLUT isoforms have different {{c1::Km}} values based on affinity for glucos…
Published	07/28/2024	The primary GLUT of the liver is {{c1::GLUT 2}} which has a {{c1::high::high/low}} Km
Published	07/28/2024	The primary GLUT of muscles is the {{c1::GLUT 4}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Type 2 diabetes}} results in decreased {{c2::GLUT-4}} translocation to the cell surface in response to the presence of insulin. GLUT-4 is p…
Published	07/28/2024	For an immediate snapshot of blood glucose levels {{c1::lab blood glucose}} tests that use glucose oxidase to synthesis H2O2 which reacts with dy…
Published	07/28/2024	For a long term snapshot of recent blood glucose levels the {{c1::HbA1C}} test can be performed which measure the amount of glycated Hemoglobin i…
Published	07/28/2024	What is the function of phosphorylating glucose in the first step of glycolysis? (3 reasons)
Published	07/28/2024	Hexokinase {{c1::IV}} (glucokinase) is abundant in the {{c2::liver}}, has a {{c3::high}} Km, and {{c4::isn't::(is/isn't)}} inhibited by…
Published	07/28/2024	Hexokinase {{c1::I}} synthesizes {{c1::G6P}} which {{c1::traps}} glucose in the cell, is widely distributed, has a {{c3::low (.1mM)}} Km, an…
Published	07/28/2024	Glycolysis takes place in the {{c1::cytosol}} and leads to the synthesis of 2 {{c1::pyruvate}} molecules which can be converted into two {{c1::la…
Published	07/28/2024	The irreversible steps of the preparatory phase of glycolysis are what? and What do they require to move forward?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::PFK-1}} is the {{c1::most important}} regulatory point in glycolysis because it catalyzes the first {{c1::committed}} step of glycolysis (meanin…
Published	07/28/2024	ATP {{c1::inhibits}} PFK-1
Published	07/28/2024	AMP {{c1::activates}} PFK-1
Published	07/28/2024	Fructose-2,6-BP {{c1::activates}} PFK-1
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::PFK-2}} catalyzes the synthesis of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate from F6P, which is a critical regulatory step in glycolysis
Published	07/28/2024	The irreversible step for the payoff (energy generation) phase of glycolysis is?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Pyruvate kinase deficiency}} is the second most common cause of enzyme deficiency-related hemolytic anemia because it causes a decrease in produ…
Published	07/28/2024	Pyruvate kinase deficiency is especially damaging to cells like {{c1::RBCs}} that rely solely on glycolysis for ATP
Published	07/28/2024	The enzyme {{c1::lactate dehydrogenase}} is responsible for regenerating {{c1::NAD+}} by converting {{c2::pyruvate}} into {{c2::lactate}} in cell…
Published	07/28/2024	The 2 shuttles used to transfer NADH produced during glycolysis into the mitochondria are?
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::glycerophosphate}} shuttle occurs mainly in muscle and brain generates {{c1::2}} ATP per NADH by oxidizing NADH to NAD+ in cytosol whic…
Published	07/28/2024	The Malate/aspartate shuttle occurs in the liver, kidney, and heart (more complex and efficient) generates {{c1::3}} ATP per NADH. Important poin…
Published	07/28/2024	The pentose phosphate pathway generates what 2 products?
Published	07/28/2024	The enzyme {{c1::glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase}} is the first step in the oxidative phase of PPP and synthesizes 1 ATP
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::2}} NADPH are generated per glucose in the {{c1::oxidative}} phase of PPP
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::NADPH}} is most frequently stored in cells rather than NADP because it plays an essential electron donating role in the cell which is important …
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::PPP}} is the only pathway in RBCs for {{c2::NADPH}} synthesis which is critical to keep glutathione in reduced state which maintai…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency}} is the most common disease-producing abnormality in humans and causes episodes of {{c2::hemolytic…
Published	07/28/2024	Female carriers of {{c1::G6PD Deficiency}} have an increased resistance to {{c2::falciparum malaria}} because it decreases life cycle of RBCs whi…
Published	07/28/2024	G6PD Deficiency has an {{c1::X linked}} inheritance pattern and is the most common disease producing enzyme which causes {{c1::hemolytic anemia}}…
Published	07/28/2024	What are the functions of the intestine, adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and brain in metabolism?
Published	07/28/2024	What are the general control features of metabolic pathways?
Published	07/28/2024	What are the general characteristics of metabolic pathways?
Published	07/28/2024	What happens in a pathway when an enzyme is blocked by a drug or enzyme activity is reduced or missing because of a mutation?
Published	07/28/2024	NAD is used in {{c1::catabolism}} as the electron {{c1::acceptor}} and NADP is used in {{c1::anabolism/biosynthesis}} as NADPH an electron {{c1::donor…
Published	07/28/2024	Water-soluble {{c1::B}}-vitamins have central roles in energy metabolism as {{c1::cofactors}} which are often not synthesized by the human body and th…
Published	07/28/2024	Enzymes typically use either {{c1::alpha or beta}} cyclic forms of glucose and can recognize both isoforms
Published	07/28/2024	Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose into {{c1::two}} molecules of {{c1::pyruvate}} which can either be converted into {{c1::lactate}} or {{c1:…
Published	07/28/2024	What are the two phases of glycolysis and what does glycolysis produce?
Published	07/28/2024	What are the main regulators of cell metabolism?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Primaquin}} can cause hemolytic anemia if patients are deficient in G6PD because it has oxidizing properties which can not be mitigated without …
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