Notes in MSK Embryology

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New Card	11/13/2024	Limb buds develop at {{c1::4}} weeks and are first able to be visualized by a transvaginal ultrasound at {{c2::12}} weeks.
New Card	11/13/2024	Categories of Congenital Abnormalitiesfailure of formation: {{c1::transverse arrest, longitudinal deficiency and neural tube defects}}failure of diffe…
New Card	11/13/2024	Transverse Arrestwhen a limb doesn't develop fully along its length, leading to {{c1::deformities}} or {{c1::missing parts}}most common deformity of t…
New Card	11/13/2024	Apical Ectodermal Ridgehelps in {{c1::interdigital}} necrosis and separates {{c1::webbed}} hand
New Card	11/13/2024	Zone of Polarizing Activityhelps in {{c1::antero-posterior}} orientation of limb (signaling molecule is {{c1::SHH}} protein)
New Card	11/13/2024	Wnt Signaling Center{{c1::dorsoventral}} axis configuration and alignment of limb with a {{c1::dorsa}}l orientation
New Card	11/13/2024	Vascular insult to the {{c1::apical ectodermal ridge}} causes congenital unilateral transverse absence of the forearm.
New Card	11/13/2024	Upper Extremity Longitudinal DeficiencyRadial longitudinal deficiency: most {{c1::common}} upper extremity deficiency that is associated with {{c2::TA…
New Card	11/13/2024	Fibular Deficiencymost common LE longitudinal deficiencymultiple skeletal abnormalities: {{c1::instabilit}}y, {{c1::malalignment, coalitions}} (abnorm…
New Card	11/13/2024	Tibial Deficiencymultiple skeletal abnormalities including: {{c1::shortening}}, {{c1::angulation of the leg}} (abnormal leg bending), {{c1::knee insta…
New Card	11/13/2024	Fibular hemimelia is associated with missing or {{c1::absent lateral rays/toes}}, partial or complete absence of the fibula, and anterior cruciate lig…
New Card	11/13/2024	Neural Tube DefectsEtiologypoor nutritiongenetics: trisomy 13 and trisomy 18maternal obesityhyperthermiamaternal diabetes at conceptiondrugs: valproat…
New Card	11/13/2024	Myelodysplasiais a common group of congenital disorders caused by various chromosomal abnormalities that lead to the failure of closure of the {{c1::f…
New Card	11/13/2024	Syndactylyfailure of apoptosis at {{c1::7}} weeks gestation, mostly sporadic but occassionally autosomal dominant and most common deformity involves t…
New Card	11/13/2024	Coalitionsfailure of {{c1::segmentation}}carpal: {{c2::lunotriquetral}} (most common)tarsal: autosomal dominant, often bilateral, in the {{c3::calcane…
New Card	11/13/2024	Clinodactylyradioulnar plane angular deformity usually affecting the {{c1::little finger}} bilaterally and commonly seen in most children with {{c2::D…
New Card	11/13/2024	{{c1::Tarsal Coalition}}
New Card	11/13/2024	Anteater Sign on X-Rayis commonly associated with an anomaly between the {{c1::calcaneus}} and the {{c1::navicular}} bones of the foot
New Card	11/13/2024	Polydactyly (duplication)very common in varying degreesTypes: preaxial of the {{c1::thumb}} (most common) and postaxial (second most common, but preva…
New Card	11/13/2024	Polydactyly is most associated with {{c1::duplication}} of the zone of polarizing activity.
New Card	11/13/2024	Congenital Constriction Band Syndrome{{c1::amniotic band}}s produce in response to {{c2::reduction}} in fluid volume inducing uterine contraction caus…
New Card	11/13/2024	Adams-Oliver Syndromeis an {{c1::autosomal dominant}} condition characterized by {{c2::amniotic band syndrome}}, craniofacial abnormalities/deformitie…
New Card	11/13/2024	When performing a scalene block for post-op pain management, the anesthesiologist passes the needle: posterior to the {{c1::SCM}} and between the {{c1…
New Card	11/13/2024	Retraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally during an anterior approach to the cervical spine protects the: {{c1::carotid artery}}
New Card	11/13/2024	Prolonged retraction against the tracheoesophageal junction poses an increased risk for {{c1::reccurent laryngea}}l nerve injury that is associated wi…
New Card	11/13/2024	Penetrating the lateral wall of the body of C5 will most likely cause damage to the {{c1::vertebral artery}}.
New Card	11/13/2024	{{c1::Posterior Spinous Process}}
New Card	11/13/2024	The spinal cord ends as the conus medullaris at the level of {{c1::L1}} in most adults.
New Card	11/13/2024	The {{c1::anterior spinal artery}} provides the predominant blood supply to the spinal cord.
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