Notes in Intro to Programming for RAI

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Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::variable}} is a named memory location that stores data and can be modified during program execution.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::data type}} specifies the type of data a variable can hold, such as integers, floating-point numbers, or characters.
Published	10/15/2024	The main function in C is denoted as {{c1::int main()}} and is the entry point of a C program.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Operators}} are symbols used to perform operations on variables, such as arithmetic (`+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`) and relational (`==`, `!=`, `>`…
Published	10/15/2024	In binary representation, each bit can be either {{c1::0}} or {{c2::1}}, representing the on and off states in digital circuits.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::bitwise operator}} manipulates individual bits of integers. Examples include AND (`&`), OR (`\|`), and XOR (`^`).
Published	10/15/2024	The base of the {{c1::hexadecimal number system}} is 16, and it uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F.
Published	10/15/2024	To convert a number from decimal to binary, use the {{c1::divide-by-2 method}} repeatedly and record the remainders.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Bitwise shift operators}} move bits to the left or right, effectively multiplying or dividing the number by powers of two.
Published	10/15/2024	The four main steps in developing a program are: {{c1::analyzing the problem}}, {{c2::developing a solution}}, {{c3::coding}}, and {{c4::testing}}.
Published	10/15/2024	An {{c1::algorithm}} is a step-by-step sequence of instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.
Published	10/15/2024	A program is tested to verify that it meets its requirements, and any errors found during this process are referred to as {{c1::bugs}}.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Pseudocode}}, flowcharts, and formulas can all be used to represent an algorithm before writing actual code.
Published	10/15/2024	The process of finding and resolving bugs in a program is known as {{c1::debugging}}.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::block}} in C is a group of statements enclosed within curly braces `{}`, and it can be treated as a single unit.
Published	10/15/2024	In C, {{c1::if-else}} statements are used for decision control, allowing different actions based on a condition being true or false.
Published	10/15/2024	The {{c1::switch statement}} allows for multiple code blocks to be executed based on the value of an expression.
Published	10/15/2024	In a {{c1::for loop}}, the three parts of the syntax are initialization, condition, and iteration, which control how many times the loop runs.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::do-while loop}} ensures that the loop body is executed at least once before checking the condition.
Published	10/15/2024	The {{c1::ternary operator}} `?:` provides a shorthand for if-else statements, making the code more concise.
Published	10/15/2024	In a {{c1::while loop}}, the condition is checked before executing the loop body, meaning the loop may never execute if the condition is false initial…
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::break}}` statement is used to exit a loop or switch statement prematurely, while the `{{c2::continue}}` statement skips the current iterati…
Published	10/15/2024	In a nested loop, {{c1::break}} only exits the innermost loop, while outer loops continue to run.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::while(1) loop}} runs indefinitely until a `break` statement or other exit condition is encountered.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::function}} is a block of code that performs a particular task and can be reused multiple times.
Published	10/15/2024	In C, a function can return {{c1::one value}} or nothing at all, and this is specified by the return type.
Published	10/15/2024	A function in C is declared using a {{c1::function prototype}}, which specifies the return type, function name, and input parameters.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::User-defined functions}} are written by the programmer, while {{c2::library functions}} are built into the C standard library.
Published	10/15/2024	The {{c1::rand()}} function in C generates a pseudo-random number, while {{c2::srand()}} is used to set the seed for generating random numbers.
Published	10/15/2024	To restrict the range of a random number in C, the {{c1::modulo operator}} is used, for example: `rand() % 100` generates a number between 0 and 99.
Published	10/15/2024	A function can have {{c1::parameters}}, which are values passed to the function when it is called, and {{c2::local variables}}, which exist only insid…
Published	10/15/2024	The {{c1::return statement}} in C functions is used to send a value back to the caller and terminate the function's execution.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::recursive function}} is one that calls itself to solve a problem, typically with a base case to prevent infinite recursion.
Published	10/15/2024	The concept of {{c1::variable scope}} refers to where in the program a variable can be accessed, with {{c2::local variables}} being confined to the fu…
Published	10/15/2024	An {{c1::array}} is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations and accessed using an index.
Published	10/15/2024	In C, the first element of an array has an index of {{c1::0}}, and the last element has an index of {{c2::size-1}}.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::String}} in C is an array of characters that is terminated by the {{c2::null character}} `\0`.
Published	10/15/2024	The function {{c1::strcpy()}} is used to copy the content of one string to another, but it must ensure the destination array is large enough to hold t…
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::multi-dimensional array}} is an array that contains other arrays as its elements, commonly used for matrices or tables.
Published	10/15/2024	The length of a string in C can be computed using the function {{c1::strlen()}}, which counts the characters before the null terminator.
Published	10/15/2024	To initialize an array in C, you can specify its values within {{c1::curly braces}}
Published	10/15/2024	The function {{c1::fgets()}} is safer for reading strings because it allows you to specify the maximum number of characters to read, preventing buffer…
Published	10/15/2024	You can access individual elements of a string using {{c1::array subscripting}}, for example, `str[0]` refers to the first character of the string.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::null-terminated string}} in C ends with the `\0` character, signaling the end of the character array.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::pointer}} is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable in C.
Published	10/15/2024	In C, the operator `&` is used to get the {{c1::address}} of a variable, while the `*` operator is used for {{c2::dereferencing}} a pointer.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::2D array}} is a collection of arrays arranged in rows and columns, allowing for the representation of matrices or tables.
Published	10/15/2024	The syntax for declaring a pointer in C is {{c1::data_type pointer_name}}; for example, `int ptr;`.
Published	10/15/2024	The {{c1::dereferencing operator}} `*` allows you to access the value stored at the memory address that a pointer points to.
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::&}}` operator is used to get the {{c2::memory address}} of a variable, while `{{c3::*}}` is used to dereference a pointer and access th…
Published	10/15/2024	Pointers and arrays are closely related in C, where an array name is treated as a {{c1::constant pointer}} to the first element of the array.
Published	10/15/2024	Using {{c1::pointer arithmetic}}, you can access array elements by manipulating the pointer's address: `*(arr + i)` is equivalent to `arr[i]`.
Published	10/15/2024	In a 2D array, `{{c1::arr[i][j]}}` can be accessed using pointers as `((arr + i) + j)`, which dereferences the appropriate row and column.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::null pointer}} is a pointer that is initialized to `NULL`, indicating that it points to no valid memory location.
Published	10/15/2024	The {{c1::sizeof}} operator returns the size of a variable or data type in bytes, which is useful for determining the size of arrays.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Pointer dereferencing}} allows you to access or modify the value stored at the memory address that the pointer holds.
Published	10/15/2024	In C, arrays are passed to functions by {{c1::reference}}, meaning the function can modify the original array elements.
Published	10/15/2024	When two pointers are compared, the result depends on the relative positions of the memory addresses they point to, allowing for {{c1::pointer compari…
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Dynamic memory allocation (DMA)}} allows memory to be allocated during program execution using functions like `{{c2::malloc()}}`, `{{c3::calloc(…
Published	10/15/2024	The function `{{c1::malloc()}}` allocates a block of memory of a specified size and returns a {{c2::void pointer}} to the first byte of the block.
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::calloc()}}` function allocates memory for an array of elements, initializing all bytes to {{c2::zero}}.
Published	10/15/2024	To free dynamically allocated memory, the `{{c1::free()}}` function is used to release memory back to the system, preventing {{c2::memory leaks}}.
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::realloc()}}` function changes the size of a dynamically allocated memory block without losing the original data.
Published	10/15/2024	The memory allocated using `malloc()` or `calloc()` remains allocated until explicitly {{c1::freed}} using `free()`.
Published	10/15/2024	Memory allocated with `malloc()` or `calloc()` is allocated on the {{c1::heap}}, which is managed manually by the programmer.
Published	10/15/2024	Memory allocated on the {{c1::stack}} is automatically managed and released when functions exit, whereas {{c2::heap}} memory must be manually freed.
Published	10/15/2024	If `malloc()` fails to allocate memory, it returns {{c1::NULL}} to indicate that the allocation was unsuccessful.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::memory leak}} occurs when dynamically allocated memory is not freed, causing the system to run out of available memory over time.
Published	10/15/2024	In C programming, {{c1::files}} are used to store data permanently, unlike variables, which store data temporarily in memory.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Text files}} are human-readable and can be opened in a text editor, whereas {{c2::binary files}} contain encoded data and require specific softw…
Published	10/15/2024	In C, a file must be opened using the {{c1::fopen()}} function before it can be read from or written to.
Published	10/15/2024	A file in C is represented by a {{c1::FILE pointer}}, which is used to access the file descriptor in memory.
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::r}}` mode opens a file for reading, `{{c2::w}}` opens a file for writing, and `{{c3::a}}` opens a file for appending data.
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::fprintf()}}` function is used to write formatted output to a file, similar to how `printf()` works with standard output.
Published	10/15/2024	To read a single character from a file, you can use the `{{c1::fgetc()}}` function, and to read a string, you can use `{{c2::fgets()}}`.
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::fclose()}}` function is used to close an open file and release the file descriptor from memory.
Published	10/15/2024	To {{c3::move the file pointer to a specific location}} within the file, use the `{{c1::fseek()}}` function, and `{{c2::ftell()}}` tells you the {{c4:…
Published	10/15/2024	The `{{c1::feof()}}` function checks if {{c2::the end of a file has been reached}}, preventing attempts to read beyond the file's data.
Published	10/15/2024	A {{c1::structure}} in C is a user-defined data type that groups different data types under a single name.
Published	10/15/2024	To declare a structure in C, use the `{{c1::struct}}` keyword, followed by the structure name and a list of members inside curly braces.
Published	10/15/2024	Each member of a structure can be accessed using the {{c1::dot operator}}, for example, `structName.memberName`.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Structures}} allow programmers to model complex entities like student records or robot properties by grouping related data together.
Published	10/15/2024	An {{c1::array of structures}} is used to store multiple instances of a structure, allowing the management of multiple records.
Published	10/15/2024	In C, {{c1::pointers to structures}} can be declared, allowing access to structure members using the arrow operator (`->`).
Published	10/15/2024	{{c3::Structures}} can be passed to functions either by {{c1::value}} or {{c2::reference}}, enabling the manipulation of complex data within functions…
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Nested structures}} occur when one structure is used as a member inside another structure, allowing for more complex data models.
Published	10/15/2024	The {{c1::typedef}} keyword can be used to create an alias for a structure, simplifying the syntax when declaring structure variables.
Published	10/15/2024	{{c1::Dynamic memory allocation}} of structures allows the allocation of memory for structure variables during runtime using `malloc()`.
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