Notes in 07HumoralImmunity

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IgM, IgD}}: two classes of membrane-bound antibodies expressed by naive B lymphocytes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Affinity maturation}}: process by which the affinity of B cell antibodies for microbial proteins increases over time.
Published	07/30/2024	T-{{c1::dependent::dependent/independent}} antibody responses are deployed against protein antigens.
Published	07/30/2024	T-{{c1::independent::dependent/independent}} antibody responses are deployed against polysaccharides, nucelic acids, lipids, and other multivalent age…
Published	07/30/2024	The most specialized and long-lived antibody responses involve {{c1::protein}} antigens and are generated under the influence of {{c1::helpe…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Follicular}} B cells make the bulk of T-dependent, class-switched, and high-affinity antibody responses to proteins and give rise to long-lived …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Marginal zone}} B cells respond largely to {{c2::blood-borne polysaccharide and lipid}} antigens.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B-1::B cell subset}} cells respond to {{c2::multivalent}} antigens in the {{c2::mucosal tissues & peritoneum}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Marginal zone B cells}} and {{c1::B-1 cells}} express antigen receptors of limited diversity and make predominantly {{c2::T-independen…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Natural}} antibodies are IgM antibodies spontaneously produced by {{c2::B-1 cells}} without overt immunization.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Secondary::primary/secondary}} responses to protein antigens have increased heavy-chain isotype switching and affinity maturation.
Published	07/30/2024	Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. FeaturePrimary ResponseSecondary/Anamnestic ResponseLag after immunizationusu…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. FeaturePrimary ResponseSecondary/Anamnestic ResponseRecognition of Antig…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. FeaturePrimary ResponseSecondary/Anamnestic ResponsePeak response{{c1::s…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. FeaturePrimary ResponseSecondary/Anamnestic ResponseAntibody isotype{{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. FeaturePrimary ResponseSecondary/Anamnestic ResponseAntibody affinity{{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. FeaturePrimary ResponseSecondary/Anamnestic ResponseInduced by{{c1::all …
Published	07/30/2024	Small antigens are delivered to B cells in follicles through {{c1::afferent lymphatics}} and via certains conduits.
Published	07/30/2024	Larger antigens are delivered to B cells via {{c1::subcapsular sinus macrophages/dendritic cells in the medulla}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} Membrane-bound IgM and IgD can recognize antigens and can transduce signals by themselves.
Published	07/30/2024	IgM/IgD receptors are non-covalently associated with {{c1::Igα}} and {{c1::Igβ}} to form the {{c2::B cell receptor complex}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Effects of B cell antigen receptor engagement on B cells.  Phenotypic Change Functional Consequenceinc expression of {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Effects of B cell antigen receptor engagement on B cells.  Phenotypic Change Functional Consequenceinc expression of {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Effects of B cell antigen receptor engagement on B cells.  Phenotypic Change Functional Consequenceinc expression of {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Effects of B cell antigen receptor engagement on B cells.  Phenotypic Change Functional Consequenceinc expression of {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Activated B lymphocytes secrete more Ig{{c1::M}} first
Published	07/30/2024	Response to antigen stimulation is greatest when the antigen is {{c1::multivalent}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}} By themselves, protein antigens can stimulate high levels of B cell proliferation and differentiation.
Published	07/30/2024	activation & migration of helper T and B cellsantigen presentation by B cells to helper T cellshelper T-cell mediated activation of B cellsextrafo…
Published	07/30/2024	T cell activation is best induced by:- {{c1::microbial protein antigens}}- {{c1::protein antigens administered with adjuvants}}
Published	07/30/2024	Chemokine receptor expression of activated B and T cells.  Activated T cellsActivated B cellsinc {{c1::CXCR5}}dec {{…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CCR7::chemokine receptor}} - recognizes chemokines produced in T cell zones
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::CXCR5::chemokine receptor}} - binds chemokines produced in B cell follicles
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::hapten}} is a small chemical that is recognized by B cells but stimulates strong antibody responses only if it is attached to a {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Activated helper T cells that recognize antigens presented by B cells activate antigen-specific B cells using {{c1::CD40L and secreted cytokines}…
Published	07/30/2024	Aside from B cell activation, CD40L-CD40 interaction also stimulates {{c1::heavy chain isotypw switching and affinity maturation::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	In extrafollicular reactions,  antibody levels{{c1::low::high/low}}plasma cells{{c1::short-lived::short-lived/long-lived}}me…
Published	07/30/2024	B cell activation in the extrafollicular focus generates: - {{c1::low::high/low}}-affinity antibodies to limit the spread of infection- {{c1::fol…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Follicular T helper}} cells high levels of {{c2::CXCR5::chemokine receptor}} and are drawn into lymphoid follicles by {{c3::CXCL13::li…
Published	07/30/2024	Most Tfh cells secrete {{c1::IL-21::cytokine}}, which has an important but incompletely understood role in Tfh cell function.
Published	07/30/2024	Germinal center reactions include:- {{c1::affinity maturation}}- {{c1::isotype switching}}- {{c1::generation of long-lived plasma cells…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Germinal centers}} are the region of the follicle containing the proliferating B cells.
Published	07/30/2024	During germinal center reactions, highest-affinity B cells are selected to differentiate into {{c1::memory B cells}} and {{c1::long-lived pl…
Published	07/30/2024	In germinal centers, selection occurs in the {{c1::light zone}} whereas proliferating B cells are found in the {{c1::dark zone}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal ReactionLocalization{{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal ReactionCD40 signals{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal ReactionSpecialized T cel…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal ReactionAID expression{{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal Reactionisotype switching…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal Reactionsomatic hypermuta…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal Reactionaffinity maturati…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal Reactionterminally differ…
Published	07/30/2024	Comparison of extrafollicular and germinal center reactions.  FeatureExtrafollicular ReactionGerminal Reactiontranscription fac…
Published	07/30/2024	Principal effector function of IgM: {{c1::complement activation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Principal effector function of IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG3): {{c1::opsonization and phagocytosis}}{{c1::complement activation}}{{c1::neonatal immu…
Published	07/30/2024	Principal effector function of IgE: {{c1::immunity against helminths}}{{c1::mast cell degranulation (immediate hypersensitivity)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IgG4}} is a blocking antibody to IgE.
Published	07/30/2024	Principal effector function of IgA: {{c1::mucosal immunity}}
Published	07/30/2024	FcRn in the {{c1::placenta}} mediates the transfer of maternal IgG to the fetus, providing protection to the newborn.
Published	07/30/2024	FcRn in the {{c1::endothelial cells and phagocytes}} plays a special role in protecting IgG from intracellular catabolism, prolonging its half-li…
Published	07/30/2024	The molecular mechanism of isotype switching is called {{c1::switch recombination}}, and it requires the key enzyme {{c2::AID}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Production of IgG is stimulated by {{c1::IL-10}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Production of IgE is stimulated by {{c1::IL-4}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens. T-dependentT-independentIsotype switching{{c1::yes}}{{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens. T-dependentT-independentAffinity maturation{{c1::yes::yes…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens. T-dependentT-independentPlasma cells{{c1::long-lived::sho…
Published	07/30/2024	Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens. T-dependentT-independentSecondary response (memory b cell…
Published	07/30/2024	Binding of the antigen-antibody complex to the {{c1::membrane Ig}} and {{c1::FcyRIIb}} results to downregulation of the antibody immune responses.&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	The cytoplasmic domain of FcyRIIB contains {{c1::ITIM}} that binds enzymes that inhibit antigen receptor-mediated B cell activation.
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